{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T06:55:00Z","timestamp":1793170500486,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,8]],"date-time":"2004-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1102464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2003<\/jats:bold> To study the effect of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design\u2003<\/jats:bold> A randomised, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled trial.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Setting\u2003<\/jats:bold> A secondary school in Tehran, Iran.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Population\u2003<\/jats:bold> Two hundred and seventy\u2010eight girls aged 15\u201317 years who suffered from primary dysmenorrhoea.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2003<\/jats:bold> Participants were given 200 units of vitamin E or placebo twice a day, beginning two days before the expected start of menstruation and continued through the first three days of bleeding. Treatment was continued over four consecutive menstrual periods.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Main outcome measures\u2003<\/jats:bold> The severity and duration of pain, and the amount of menstrual blood loss, at two and four months. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to record pain, and a validated Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBLAC) to measure menstrual loss.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2003<\/jats:bold> In the vitamin E group, pain severity was lower with vitamin E at two months (median VAS score 3 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 5, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.001) and four months (0.5 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 6, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.001), pain duration was shorter at two months (mean 4.2 [7.1] hours <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 15 [17], <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.001) and at four months (1.6 [4.0] hours <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 17 [18] hours, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.0001), and blood loss assessed by PBLAC score was lower at two months (54 [31] <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 70 [40], <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.0001) and at four months (46 [28] <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 70 [37], <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.0001).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2003<\/jats:bold> Vitamin E relieves the pain of primary dysmenorrhoea and reduces blood loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00495.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,18]],"date-time":"2005-03-18T13:35:06Z","timestamp":1111152906000},"page":"466-469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["A randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Ziaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Zakeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kazemnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-3278(92)90219-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(99)00360-9"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","first-page":"768","article-title":"Cox\u20102 inhibitors and their role in gynecology","volume":"57","author":"Hayes EC","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348409156715"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(85)90208-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1965.tb01415.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000010319"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/gye.16.1.39.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000072735"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01460.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","first-page":"661","article-title":"Age\u2010associated increase in PGE2 synthesis and COX activity in murine macrophages is reversed by vitamin E","author":"Dayong WU","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am Physiol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-3278(92)90194-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-5456(01)00279-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","first-page":"850","volume-title":"Human Pharmacology","author":"Atkinson RL","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4543(21)01275-6","article-title":"Dysmenorrhea","volume":"15","author":"Avant RF","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-3188(00)00076-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90433-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00062-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-2182(99)00029-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb16249.x"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; 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