{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:02:19Z","timestamp":1792659739411,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,20]],"date-time":"2006-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1140393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold> To describe the prevalence and determinants of dysmenorrhoea, the most common menstrual complaint, in a community in India.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design\u2002<\/jats:bold> Cross\u2010sectional survey.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Setting\u2002<\/jats:bold> Catchment area of primary health centre in Goa, India.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Population\u2002<\/jats:bold> Three thousand women aged 18\u201345 years randomly selected. A total of 2494 women consented to participate (83.1%).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> Eligible participants were asked standardised questions regarding menstrual complaints over the past 12 months, and socio\u2010demographic, psychosocial and reproductive risk factors. Vaginal or urine specimens were collected for the diagnosis of reproductive tract infections.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Main outcome measures\u2002<\/jats:bold> Dysmenorrhoea of moderate to severe intensity.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> A total of 2262 women were eligible. More than half reported dysmenorrhoea; moderate to severe dysmenorrhoea was reported by 755 participants (33.4%, 95% CI 31.4\u201335.4). There was a linear association between severity of pain and impact (medication and taking rest) and the onset of pain (premenstrual onset associated with more severe pain). On multivariate analyses, the risk of moderate\u2013severe dysmenorrhoea was associated with the experience of violence (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.5\u201334); other somatic complaints (OR 3.67, 95% CI 2.7\u20134.9 for highest somatoform symptom score category compared with the lowest); gynaecological complaints (non\u2010menstrual lower abdominal pain: OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.3\u20132.3; dysuria: OR 1.98, 1.4\u20132.7); menorrhagia (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.4\u20132.6); and illiteracy (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.0\u20131.7). Having had a pregnancy (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.4\u20130.7), older age of menarche (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.5\u20130.9, for age &gt;14 compared with &lt;13 years) and older age (OR 0.43, 0.3\u20130.6 for age 40\u201350, compared with 18\u201324 years) were protective.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> The burden of dysmenorrhoea is greater than any other gynaecological complaint, and is associated with significant impact. Social disadvantage, co\u2010morbidity with other somatic syndromes and reproductive factors are determinants of this complaint.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00874.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,20]],"date-time":"2006-02-20T17:06:21Z","timestamp":1140455181000},"page":"453-463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["The burden and determinants of dysmenorrhoea: a population\u2010based survey of 2262 women in Goa, India"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"V","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Tanksale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Sahasrabhojanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Gupte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Nevrekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(00)90016-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00012.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38442.636181.E0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02545.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2003.012302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09597.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007427928605"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","volume-title":"Women's Mental Health: An Evidence Based Review","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"Gender inequality and domestic violence: implications for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention","volume":"4","author":"Kaye DK","year":"2004","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","volume-title":"National Family Health Survey\u20102, 1998\u201399: India","author":"International Institute for Population Sciences","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.3.251"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.1.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","first-page":"337","article-title":"Somatizers in psychiatric care","volume":"29","author":"Chaturvedi S","year":"1987","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700030415"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005941"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545627.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardised method of Gram stain interpretation","volume":"29","author":"Nugent RP","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545627.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","unstructured":"PatelV WeissH MabeyD WestB D\u2019SouzaS PatilV et al.The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa India.Sex Transm Infect(in press)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","unstructured":"PatelV KirkwoodBR PednekarS PereiraB BarrosP FernandesJ et al.Gender disadvantage and reproductive health risk factors for common mental disorder in women: a community survey in India.Arch Gen Psychiatry(in press)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2002.00261.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","first-page":"303","article-title":"Symptoms related to the reproductive tract and mental health among women in rural Southern India","volume":"16","author":"Prasad J","year":"2003","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)08320-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01674829409025643"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7358.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199609000-00010"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; 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