{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T14:35:21Z","timestamp":1759588521550},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,17]],"date-time":"2005-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1108598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In mammals it has been thought that the circadian clock localizes only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Recent studies have revealed that certain brain regions and peripheral tissues may also have intrinsic circadian clocks. However, the roles played by \u2018peripheral circadian clocks\u2019 have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated their function using mouse pineal glands, and found that expression of the arylalkylamine <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010acetyltransferase (Aa\u2010Nat, EC\u20032.3.1.87, the rate\u2010limiting enzyme of melatonin synthesis) gene after adrenergic receptor stimulation depended on the time of day even <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> (gating). Phase\u2010dependent Aa\u2010Nat responses were observed in both melatonin\u2010proficient and melatonin\u2010deficient mouse pineal glands. Phosphodiesterases are unlikely to suppress Aa\u2010Nat induction because a phosphodiesterase inhibitor itself had no effect on the mRNA levels. Puromycin was ineffective in inducing Aa\u2010Nat mRNA levels in either the presence or absence of isoproterenol, suggesting that newly synthesized proteins may not be necessary to gate the Aa\u2010Nat responses. We also discovered circadian dependence of the expression of Period1\u2010luminescence in Period1\u2013luciferase transgenic mouse pineal glands: circadian clocks may be functional in culture. Aa\u2010Nat mRNA levels showed no significant circadian rhythms in the absence of isoproterenol, thus suggesting that Aa\u2010Nat mRNA levels are induced by adrenergic mechanisms, not by a pineal circadian clock. Our results suggest that the pineal circadian clock may determine timing when Aa\u2010Nat gene expression can respond to inputs from the master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, e.g. adrenergic stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.03008.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,9]],"date-time":"2005-03-09T23:59:18Z","timestamp":1110412758000},"page":"156-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Pineal circadian clocks gate arylalkylamine <i>N<\/i>\u2010acetyltransferase gene expression in the mouse pineal gland"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Chiaki","family":"Fukuhara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-01-00350.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(00)00160-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3941912"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2004.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/1042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000058547"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4988-03.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00990.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8097062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1989.tb00667.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(94)90266-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03117.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730403260776"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2000.6166"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03444.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00697.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","volume-title":"Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, The Mind's Clock","author":"Klein D. 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