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These metalloproteinases enter peripheral cholinergic nerve terminals and cleave proteins of the neuroexocytosis apparatus, causing a persistent, but reversible, inhibition of neurotransmitter release. They are used in the therapy of many human syndromes caused by hyperactive nerve terminals. Snake presynaptic PLA2 neurotoxins block nerve terminals by binding to the nerve membrane and catalyzing phospholipid hydrolysis with production of lysophospholipids and fatty acids. These compounds change the membrane conformation, causing enhanced fusion of synaptic vesicle via hemifusion intermediate with release of neurotransmitter and, at the same time, inhibition of vesicle fission and recycling. It is possible to envisage clinical applications of the lysophospholipid\/fatty acid mixture to inhibit hyperactive superficial nerve terminals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.03965.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,19]],"date-time":"2006-06-19T11:43:05Z","timestamp":1150717385000},"page":"1534-1545","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Presynaptic enzymatic neurotoxins"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Ornella","family":"Rossetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Morbiato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Caccin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Rigoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Montecucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1976.0093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00101-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90172-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.60.1.347"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0157969"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(87)80562-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.104.005678"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"6876","article-title":"Complex gangliosides at the neuromuscular junction are membrane receptors for autoantibodies and botulinum neurotoxin but redundant for normal synaptic function","volume":"22","author":"Bullens R. 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