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In the present study, we examined whether G\u2010CSF can protect dopaminergic neurons against MPTP\u2010induced cell death in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Mice of one group were injected intraperitoneally with MPTP for five consecutive days, those of another group with MPTP and intraperitoneal G\u2010CSF at 2\u2003days and 1\u2003day before the first MPTP injection, and 30\u2003min before each MPTP injection, while control mice received saline injections. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting analysis, and HPLC were performed to evaluate damage of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons and expression of Bcl\u20102 and Bax protein. MPTP induced dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra. G\u2010CSF significantly prevented MPTP\u2010induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase\u2010positive neurons (<jats:italic>p\u2003&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u20030.05), increased Bcl\u20102 protein and decreased Bax protein expression. Our findings indicate that G\u2010CSF provides neuroprotection against MPTP\u2010induced cell death and this effect is mediated by increasing Bcl\u20102 expression levels and decreasing Bax expression levels in C57BL\/6 mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04125.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,21]],"date-time":"2006-08-21T14:28:16Z","timestamp":1156170496000},"page":"861-867","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Recombinant human granulocyte colony\u2010stimulating factor protects against MPTP\u2010induced dopaminergic cell death in mice by altering Bcl\u20102\/Bax expression levels"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Xu\u2010Qing","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong\u2010Ri","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Oizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiho","family":"Seike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Furuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshikuni","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Mochizuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9357","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09357.2003","article-title":"Two distinct subpopulations of nestin\u2010positive cells in adult mouse gyrus","volume":"23","author":"Fukuda S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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