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Evaluation of rat superior cervical ganglia (SCG) post\u2010ganglionic sympathetic neuron developmental regulators identified that selected BMPs of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily have reciprocal effects on neuronal pituitary adenylate cyclase\u2010activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) expression. Dpp and Gbb\/60A BMPs rapidly down\u2010regulated PACAP expression, while up\u2010regulating other sympathetic neuropeptides, including PACAP\u2010related VIP. The suppressive effects of BMP on PACAP mRNA and peptide expression were potent, efficacious and phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad) signaling\u2010dependent. Axotomy of SCG dramatically increases PACAP expression, and the possibility that abrogation of inhibitory retrograde target tissue BMP signaling may contribute to this up\u2010regulation of sympathetic neuron PACAP was investigated. Replacement of BMP6 to SCG explant preparations significantly blunted the injury\u2010induced elevated PACAP expression, with a concomitant decrease in sympathetic PACAP\u2010immunoreactive neuron numbers. These studies suggested that BMPs modulate neuropeptide identity and diversity by stimulating or restricting the expression of specific peptidergic systems. Furthermore, the liberation of SCG neurons from target\u2010derived BMP inhibition following axotomy may be one participating mechanism associated with injury\u2010induced neuropeptidergic plasticity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04293.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,21]],"date-time":"2006-12-21T06:00:49Z","timestamp":1166680849000},"page":"603-616","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Bone morphogenetic protein down\u2010regulation of neuronal pituitary adenylate cyclase\u2010activating polypeptide and reciprocal effects on vasoactive intestinal peptide expression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Kristen A.","family":"Pavelock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice M.","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin C.","family":"Schutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen M.","family":"Braas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00589-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb02179.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.1999.0798"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00204-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1997.062.01.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.48.301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-20-07602.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80827-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4695(19980905)36:3<325::AID-NEU2>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.39.27702"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04045.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0388"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00254-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00808"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90205-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00351-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90223-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00081.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80561-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"6976","article-title":"Evidence for an evolutionary conserved role of bone morphogenetic protein growth factors and phox2 transcription factors during noradrenergic differentiation of sympathetic neurons. 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