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Most cases of ALS appear sporadically but some forms of the disease result from mutations in the gene encoding the antioxidant enzyme Cu\/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Several other mutated genes have also been found to predispose to ALS including, among others, one that encodes the regulator of axonal retrograde transport dynactin. As all roads lead to the proverbial Rome, we discuss here how distinct molecular pathways may converge to the same final result that is motor neuron death. We critically review the basic research on SOD1\u2010linked ALS to propose a pioneering model of a \u2018systemic\u2019 form of the disease, causally involving multiple cell types, either neuronal or non\u2010neuronal. Contrasting this, we also postulate that other neuron\u2010specific defects, as those triggered by dynactin dysfunction, may account for a primary motor neuron disease that would represent \u2018pure\u2019 neuronal forms of ALS. Identifying different disease subtypes is an unavoidable step toward the understanding of the physiopathology of ALS and will hopefully help to design specific treatments for each subset of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04408.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]],"date-time":"2007-01-23T11:43:55Z","timestamp":1169552635000},"page":"1153-1160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: all roads lead to Rome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Jose\u2010Luis Gonzalez de","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andoni","family":"Echaniz\u2010Laguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anissa","family":"Fergani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Ren\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Meininger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Philippe","family":"Loeffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Dupuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20609"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123511"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.861"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5384.1851"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1645-05.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/421054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000227926.42370.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086071"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602046103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.1059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820050515386"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.3.328"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000089626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510197103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200407021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0522"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-1182fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402026101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000085063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000089624"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2003.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-02-00660.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1742"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2006.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317610"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8209258"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1001-166"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2000.0299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neuron\u2010specific expression of mutant SOD1 is sufficient to cause motoneuron disease in mice Soc","volume":"508","author":"Jaarsma D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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