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Thus we now characterized glucose transport and the neurochemical profile in the hippocampus of streptozotocin\u2010induced diabetic rats using<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H NMR spectroscopy and tested the effect of caffeine consumption thereupon. We found that hippocampal glucose content and transport were unaltered in diabetic rats, irrespective of caffeine consumption. However diabetic rats displayed alterations in their hippocampal neurochemical profile, which were normalized upon restoration of normoglycaemia, with the exception of<jats:italic>myo<\/jats:italic>\u2010inositol that remained increased (36\u2003\u00b1\u20035%,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.01 compared to controls) likely reflecting osmolarity deregulation. Compared to controls, caffeine\u2010consuming diabetic rats displayed increased hippocampal levels of<jats:italic>myo<\/jats:italic>\u2010inositol (15\u2003\u00b1\u20035%,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) and taurine (23\u2003\u00b1\u20034%,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.01), supporting the ability of caffeine to control osmoregulation. Compared to controls, the hippocampus of diabetic rats displayed a reduced density of synaptic proteins syntaxin, synaptophysin and synaptosome\u2010associated protein of 25\u2003kDa (in average 18\u2003\u00b1\u20031%,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) as well increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (20\u2003\u00b1\u20035%,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05), suggesting synaptic degeneration and astrogliosis, which were prevented by caffeine consumption. In conclusion, neurochemical alterations in the hippocampus of diabetic rats are not related to defects of glucose transport but likely reflect osmoregulatory adaptations caused by hyperglycemia. Furthermore, caffeine consumption affected this neurochemical adaptation to high glucose levels, which may contribute to its potential neuroprotective effects, namely preventing synaptic degeneration and astrogliosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06349.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,18]],"date-time":"2009-08-18T09:10:07Z","timestamp":1250586607000},"page":"368-379","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Caffeine consumption attenuates neurochemical modifications in the hippocampus of streptozotocin\u2010induced diabetic rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. 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