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However, its impact on basal ganglia circuitry in the dyskinetic brain, particularly on the activity of striatofugal pathways, has not been evaluated. We therefore used dual probe microdialysis to investigate the effect of amantadine on behavioral and neurochemical changes in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra reticulata of 6\u2010hydroxydopamine hemi\u2010lesioned dyskinetic mice and rats. Levodopa evoked abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in dyskinetic mice, and simultaneously elevated GABA release in substantia nigra reticulata (\u223c3\u2010fold) but not globus pallidus. Glutamate levels were unaffected in both areas. Amantadine (40\u2003mg\/kg, i.p.), ineffective alone, attenuated (\u223c50%) AIMs expression and prevented the GABA rise. Moreover, it unraveled a facilitatory effect of levodopa on pallidal glutamate levels. Levodopa also evoked AIMs expression and a GABA surge (\u223c2\u2010fold) selectively in the substantia nigra of dyskinetic rats. However, different from mice, glutamate levels rose simultaneously. Amantadine, ineffective alone, attenuated (\u223c50%) AIMs expression preventing amino acid increase and leaving unaffected pallidal glutamate. Overall, the data provide neurochemical evidence that levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesia is accompanied by activation of the striato\u2010nigral pathway in both mice and rats, and that the anti\u2010dyskinetic effect of amantadine partly relies on the modulation of this pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07376.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,8]],"date-time":"2011-07-08T23:44:19Z","timestamp":1310168659000},"page":"1043-1055","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Amantadine attenuates levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesia in mice and rats preventing the accompanying rise in nigral GABA levels"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Bido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Morari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.1999.0259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)02531-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009874107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm875"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4262-04.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007758"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"S60","article-title":"Levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesia: a pathological form of striatal synaptic plasticity?","volume":"47","author":"Calabresi P.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. 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