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Migration of neuronal precursors from the retinoic\u2010acid rich embryonic ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex is known to be regulated by several factors, but retinoic acid has not been previously implicated. We found retinoic acid to potently inhibit cell migration in slice preparations of embryonic mouse forebrains, which was reversed by an antagonist of the dopamine\u2010D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor, whose gene is transcriptionally regulated by retinoic acid. Histone\u2010deacetylase inhibitors, which amplify nuclear receptor\u2010mediated transcription, potentiated the inhibitory effect of retinoic acid. Surprisingly, when retinoic acid signalling was completely blocked with a pan\u2010retinoic acid receptor antagonist, this also decreased cell migration into the cortex, implying that a minimal level of endogenous retinoic acid is necessary for tangential migration. Given these opposing effects of retinoic acid <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> contribution of retinoic acid to migration was tested by counting GABAergic interneurons in cortices of adult mice with experimental reductions in retinoic acid signalling: a range of perturbations resulted in significant reductions in the numerical density of some GABAergic interneuron subpopulations. These observations suggest functions of retinoic acid in interneuron diversity and organization of cortical excitatory\u2013inhibitory balance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07471.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,6]],"date-time":"2011-09-06T09:11:48Z","timestamp":1315300308000},"page":"723-735","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Retinoic acid influences neuronal migration from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"James E.","family":"Crandall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deirdre 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