{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:47:16Z","timestamp":1785199636237,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,28]],"date-time":"2011-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1319760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:italic>J. Neurochem.<\/jats:italic>(2011) 10.1111\/j.1471\u20104159.2011.07502.x<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heroin use has seriously threatened public heath in many countries, but the existing therapies continue to have many limitations. Recently, immunotherapy has shown efficacy in some clinical studies, including vaccines against nicotine and cocaine, but no opioid vaccines have been introduced in clinical studies. The development of a novel opioid antigen designed specifically for the prevention of heroin addiction is necessary. A morphine\u2013keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate was prepared and administered subcutaneously in rats. Antibody titers in plasma were measured using an enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Competitive ELISA was used to assess the selectivity of the antibodies. Dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens in rats after vaccine administration were determined by high\u2010performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The effects of the vaccine on the heroin\u2010primed restatement of self\u2010administration and locomotor sensitization were evaluated. A novel hapten, 6\u2010glutarylmorphine, was produced, and the vaccine generated a high antibody titer response. This vaccine displayed specificity for both morphine and heroin, but the anti\u2010morphine antibodies could not recognize dissimilar therapeutic opioid compounds, such as buprenorphine, methadone, naloxone, naltrexone, codeine, and nalorphine. The morphine antibody significantly decreased morphine\u2010induced locomotor activity in rats after immunization. Importantly, rats immunized with this vaccine did not exhibit heroin\u2010primed reinstatement of heroin seeking when antibody levels were sufficiently high. The vaccine reduced dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens after morphine administration, which is consistent with its behavioral effects. These results suggest that immunization with a novel vaccine is an effective means of inducing a morphine\u2010specific antibody response that is able to attenuate the behavioral and psychoactive effects of heroin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07502.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]],"date-time":"2011-09-28T02:40:03Z","timestamp":1317177603000},"page":"1271-1281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["A morphine\/heroin vaccine with new hapten design attenuates behavioral effects in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Qian\u2010Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Xiao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng\u2010Yu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan\u2010Xue","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei\u2010Li","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai\u2010Shui","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai\u2010Feng","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.01.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.5.4.7556"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/252708a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/378727a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.14.5274"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.02.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2010.531672"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb42107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199910)34:1<11::AID-SYN2>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1007-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/336070a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-2791(74)90079-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37155-1","article-title":"Active immunization alters the plasma nicotine concentration in rats","volume":"283","author":"Hieda Y.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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