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A small but a significant increase observed 2\u2003h after ethanol exposure was followed by a marked increase around 24\u2003h. Subcellular fractionation of the brain 24\u2003h after ethanol treatment indicated that GM2 increased in synaptic and non\u2010synaptic mitochondrial fractions as well as in a lysosome\u2010enriched fraction characteristic to the ethanol\u2010exposed brain. Immunohistochemical staining of GM2 in the ethanol\u2010treated brain showed strong punctate staining mainly in activated microglia, in which it partially overlapped with staining for LAMP1, a late endosomal\/lysosomal marker. Also, there was weaker neuronal staining, which partially co\u2010localized with complex IV, a mitochondrial marker, and was augmented in cleaved caspase 3\u2010positive neurons. In contrast, the control brain showed only faint and diffuse GM2 staining in neurons. Incubation of isolated brain mitochondria with GM2 <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> induced cytochrome <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic> release in a manner similar to that of GD3 ganglioside. Because ethanol is known to trigger mitochondria\u2010mediated apoptosis with cytochrome <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic> release and caspase 3 activation in the 7\u2010day\u2010old mouse brain, the GM2 elevation in mitochondria may be relevant to neuroapoptosis. Subsequently, activated microglia accumulated GM2, indicating a close relationship between GM2 and ethanol\u2010induced neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2012.07710.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,28]],"date-time":"2012-02-28T18:02:09Z","timestamp":1330452129000},"page":"649-661","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Elevation of GM2 ganglioside during ethanol\u2010induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing mouse brain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Mitsuo","family":"Saito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goutam","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Relish","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui\u2010Fen","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dun\u2010Sheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostantin","family":"Dobrenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(00)12903-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2571(01)00026-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900259"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02341.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1978.tb06245.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a045164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M206021200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2006.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agn105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00062752-200301000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.12.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37837-8","article-title":"Abnormalities of glycosphingolipids in mucopolysaccharidosis type III B","volume":"25","author":"Hara A.","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. 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