{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T15:49:17Z","timestamp":1779119357178,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,21]],"date-time":"2010-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1266710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity and Distributions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Aim\u2002<\/jats:bold> Lowland woodlands in Europe went through dramatic changes in management in the past century. This article investigates the influence of two key factors, abandonment of coppicing and increased pressure of ungulates, in thermophilous oakwoods. We focused on three interconnected topics: (1) Has the assumed successional trend lead to impoverishment of the vegetation assemblages? (2) Has it resulted in vegetation homogenization? (3) Are the thermophilous oakwoods loosing their original character?<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Location\u2002<\/jats:bold> Czech Republic, Central Europe.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> The vegetation in 46 semi\u2010permanent plots was recorded three times: firstly, shortly after the abandonment of coppicing (1953) and then, after four to six decades of secondary succession and strong game impact (1992 and 2006). Overall trends and changes in species spectra were analysed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> There is a marked successional shift towards species\u2010poorer communities growing in cooler, moister and nutrient\u2010richer conditions. The change was significantly different in parts affected and unaffected by high numbers of ungulates yet only for herbs, not the woody species. However, observed change in species composition was not accompanied by significant homogenization process that is the general process reported from elsewhere. A sharp decline in plant species typical for thermophilous woodland communities and in endangered species indicates that the original character of the woodland has been gradually lost.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Main conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> Thermophilous oakwoods have been largely replaced by mesic forests. Lowland oakwoods in continental parts of Europe historically depended on active management, which kept the understorey conditions light and warm. Successional processes in the 20th century caused a critical loss of species diversity at various spatial levels. However, artificially high numbers of ungulates, which otherwise have a negative impact, probably held up succession, so that the changes may still be reversible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2010.00637.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,22]],"date-time":"2010-02-22T05:06:09Z","timestamp":1266815169000},"page":"267-276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":207,"title":["Half a century of succession in a temperate oakwood: from species\u2010rich community to mesic forest"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Radim","family":"H\u00e9dl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kopeck\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Kom\u00e1rek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2005.00440.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2006.00926.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-109X.2009.01013.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11263500802410926"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2006.09.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"Xero\u2010thermophile Laubw\u00e4lder und beweidete Geh\u00f6lze der FFH\u2010Richtlinie: was ist ein g\u00fcnstiger Erhaltungszustand?","volume":"20","author":"Bergmeier E.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Berichte der Reinhold-T\u00fcxen-Gesellschaft"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Mensch und Umwelt w\u00e4hrend des Neolithikums und der Fr\u00fchbronzezeit in Mitteleuropa","author":"Billamboz A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Karte der nat\u00fcrlichen Vegetation Europas","author":"Bohn U.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-004-0056-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(03)00138-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","volume-title":"Das Urbar der Liechtensteinischen Herrschaften Nikolsburg, D\u00fcrnholz, Lundenburg, Falkenstein, Feldsberg, Rabensburg, Mistelbach, Hagenberg und Gnadendorf aus dem Jahre 1414","author":"Bretholz B.","year":"1930"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2005.00489.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"Long\u2010term changes in the herb layer of oakwoods and oak\u2010hornbeam woods of the Milovick\u00fd Wood under the influence of game preserves","author":"Chytr\u00fd M.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02853510"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnostic, constant and dominant species of vegetation classes and alliances of the Czech Republic: a statistical revision","volume":"108","author":"Chytr\u00fd M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Folia Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","volume-title":"Catalogue of habitats of the Czech Republic","author":"Chytr\u00fd M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Maps of the level of invasion of the Czech Republic by alien plants","volume":"81","author":"Chytr\u00fd M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Preslia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Interpretation manual of European Union habitats \u2013 EUR 25","author":"Commission of the European Communities","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3170\/2008-8-18383"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa","volume":"18","author":"Ellenberg H.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scripta Geobotanica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2006.00045.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/74.3.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-007-9111-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008997625523"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","volume-title":"The nature of Mediterranean Europe. 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