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Whereas the earliest medications against alcohol dependence were fortuitously discovered, recently developed drugs are increasingly based on alcohol's neurobiological mechanisms of action. This review discusses the most recent developments in alcohol pharmacotherapy and emphasizes the neurobiological basis of anti\u2010alcohol medications. There are currently three approved drugs for the treatment of alcohol dependence with quite different mechanisms of action. Disulfiram is an inhibitor of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase and acts as an alcohol\u2010deterrent drug. Naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, reduces alcohol craving and relapse in heavy drinking, probably via a modulation of the mesolimbic dopamine activity. Finally, acamprosate helps maintaining alcohol abstinence, probably through a normalization of the chronic alcohol\u2010induced hyperglutamatergic state. In addition to these approved medications, many other drugs have been suggested for preventing alcohol consumption on the basis of preclinical studies. Some of these drugs remain promising, whereas others have produced disappointing results in preliminary clinical studies. These new drugs in the field of alcohol pharmacotherapy are also discussed, together with their mechanisms of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2006.00459.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,14]],"date-time":"2006-12-14T06:40:26Z","timestamp":1166078426000},"page":"9-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of alcohol dependence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Tambour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Quertemont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03730.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(06)70577-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2004.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02098878"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","first-page":"323","article-title":"Alcohol and the liver","volume":"21","author":"Willner I.R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. 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