{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T13:20:36Z","timestamp":1758979236581},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,22]],"date-time":"2006-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1166745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cutaneous hypermelanoses are frequently encountered conditions that can have severe adverse psychosocial and emotional effects on affected patients. Melasma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, drug\u2010induced pigmentation, and erythema dischromicum perstans are among the most common cutaneous disorders leading to acquired skin hyperpigmentation. The treatment of these disorders is often challenging and requires a great deal of patience from the patient and a wealth of experience and knowledge from the dermatologist. Current treatments include depigmenting agents, chemical peels, and lasers. The ideal bleaching agent has to fulfill certain pharmacologic criteria. It should have a potent bleaching effect with a rapid time of onset, carry no side effects, and lead to a permanent removal of undesired pigment. We review the established treatment approaches of cutaneous hyperpigmentation based on literature review and our personal experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2006.00276.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,22]],"date-time":"2006-12-22T10:59:14Z","timestamp":1166785154000},"page":"303-308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Established treatments of skin hypermelanoses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander J","family":"Stratigos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas D","family":"Katsambas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690240119022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(91)90186-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12701679"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","first-page":"83A","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical and light microscopic effects of various concentrations of hydroquinone","volume":"39","author":"Glenn M","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Res (Abstract)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-07131-1_59"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1982.tb00496.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(00)90257-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200102040-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1991.tb04362.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","first-page":"58","article-title":"Double\u2010blind comparison of azelaic acid and hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma","volume":"143","author":"Verallo\u2010Rowell VM","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(98)80077-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1985.tb02404.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Skin lighteners","volume":"111","author":"Masuda M","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cosmet Toil"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.1999.08236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.12.1578"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","first-page":"230","article-title":"Melasma. 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