{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:22:17Z","timestamp":1791145337664,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,4]],"date-time":"2012-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background\u2002<\/jats:bold> Skin\u2010lightening preparations are used by people all over the world for a diverse range of dermatologic indications. The gold standard treatment for skin lightening is with hydroquinone but has been controversial because of the presence of several side effects. Therefore, there has been a constant search for developing new treatment alternatives. Furthermore, the new amendments and bans on animal testing by ECVAM have made the three\u2010dimensional models like EpiDerm<jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup> and MelanoDerm<jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup> increasingly popular.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold> This work aims at the formulation development for a new skin\u2010lightening agent, SMA\u2010012, followed by testing for skin irritation and efficacy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> Formulation parameters such as concentration of SMA\u2010012, amount of ethanol, effect of permeation enhancers and pH were first optimized using Franz cell experiments. Tape stripping and underlying skin assays were performed to analyze the amounts of SMA\u2010012 in different layers of skin. The irritation potential and efficacy of the screened formulation were evaluated using Epiderm<jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup> and Melanoderm<jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup> models.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Skin permeation experiments suggested that concentrations of 0.1% SMA\u2010012, 35% ethanol, and pH of 8.5 to be the best formulation characteristics. This particular formulation was found to be nonirritant for short\u2010term exposure, when tested in Epiderm<jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup> model and also significantly effective in decreasing the amount of melanin in pigmented skin equivalent models.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> SMA\u2010012 shows a good promise as a skin\u2010lightening agent for cosmetic and therapeutic applications. Additionally, our study demonstrates the application of skin equivalent models as alternatives to animal testing in studying the regulation of skin pigmentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2012.00610.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,5]],"date-time":"2012-06-05T13:58:15Z","timestamp":1338904695000},"page":"101-110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Formulation optimization, skin irritation, and efficacy characterization of a novel skin\u2010lightening agent"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Piyush","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujatha","family":"Sonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Garruto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay K.","family":"Banga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19970501)37:3<172::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/92.7.418-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jidsymp.2008.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2006.00334.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2008.00384.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2005.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2003.02017.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"362","article-title":"A microsponge formulation of hydroquinone 4% and retinol 0.15% in the treatment of melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation","volume":"74","author":"Grimes PE","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","unstructured":"ChangJ RochaA Inventors.Medicated toning lotion. U.S. Patent (US2010\/0233107). Sep. 16 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Deratologic product testing, part 1","volume":"2","author":"McDonnell\u2010Phillip JJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transdermal Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290903700611"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/1366-v","article-title":"An in vitro skin irritation test (SIT) using the EpiDerm reconstructed human epidermal (RHE) model","author":"Kandarova H","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2008.00432.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:HIJO.0000023388.51625.6c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","first-page":"859","article-title":"Use of melanoderm, an epidermal model containing functional melanocytes, for skin pigmentation studies","volume":"114","author":"Klausner M","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2002.02014.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.61.05.0016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000159265"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(01)00215-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-008-9627-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20669"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010948630296"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.07.008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1473-2165.2012.00610.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2012.00610.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T01:31:29Z","timestamp":1698629489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2012.00610.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2012.00610.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2012.00610.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1473-2130","1473-2165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1473-2130","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-2165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}}}