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Gross\u2010costing methodology developed to estimate costs of treatment replication in 32 countries with data collected from publicly available sources.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fixed, variable, and societal cost components of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>alaysian<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>micro\u2010costed and analytical framework created and employed for gross\u2010costing in 32 countries selected by three criteria relative to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>alaysia: major heroin problem, geographic proximity, and comparable gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Principal Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medication, and urine and blood testing accounted for the greatest percentage of total costs for both naltrexone (29\u201353 percent) and buprenorphine (33\u201372 percent) interventions. In 13 countries, buprenorphine treatment could be provided for under $2,000 per patient. For all countries except<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>nited<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>ingdom and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>ingapore, incremental costs per person were below $1,000 when comparing buprenorphine to naltrexone. An estimated 100 percent of opiate users in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ambodia and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>ao<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>eople's<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>emocratic<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>epublic could be treated for $8 and $30\u00a0million, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Buprenorphine treatment can be provided at low cost in countries across the world. This study's new costing methodologies provide tools for health systems worldwide to determine the feasibility and cost of similar interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2011.01335.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,18]],"date-time":"2011-10-18T14:09:13Z","timestamp":1318946953000},"page":"865-887","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Costs of Addressing Heroin Addiction in<scp>M<\/scp>alaysia and 32 Comparable Countries Worldwide"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Jennifer Prah","family":"Ruger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health Health Policy and Administration New Haven CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Chawarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmud","family":"Mazlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Abuse Center Muar Johor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Luekens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health Health Policy and Administration New Haven CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health Health Policy and Administration New Haven CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Schottenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2009.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.96912676.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(06)80007-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.008"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta11090","article-title":"Methadone and Buprenorphine for the Management of Opioid Dependence: A Systematic Review and Economic Evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Connock M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Technology Assessment"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Resource Requirements for Cambodia's 2001\u20132005 HIV\/AIDS National Strategic Plan","author":"Forsythe S","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195108248.001.0001","volume-title":"Cost\u2010Effectiveness in Health and Medicine","author":"Gold M. 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