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Pericardial effusion in small animals occurs most frequently from cardiac neoplasia, idiopathic pericarditis, or congestive heart failure. Indications for temporary pacing include transient bradyarrhythmias, ingestions resulting in chronotropic incompetence, and emergency stabilization of critical bradyarrhythmias. Caval syndrome results from a large dirofilarial worm burden, pulmonary hypertension, and mechanical obstruction of right\u2010sided cardiac output with resultant hemolysis and organ dysfunction.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Diagnosis \u2013<\/jats:bold>The diagnosis of pericardial effusion is suspected from signalment and physical findings and confirmed with cardiac ultrasound. Symptomatic bradycardias often present for syncope and definitive diagnosis derives from an ECG. Caval syndrome is diagnosed upon clinical, hematologic, and ultrasonographic evidence of severe heartworm infestation, cardiovascular compromise, and\/or mechanical hemolysis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Therapy \u2013<\/jats:bold>Pericardial effusion is alleviated by pericardiocentesis in the emergency setting, though may require further intervention for long\u2010term palliation. Temporary transvenous pacing can be performed emergently to stabilize the symptomatic patient with a bradyarrhythmia. Dirofilariasis leading to caval syndrome requires urgent heartworm extraction.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Prognosis \u2013<\/jats:bold>The prognosis for pericardial effusion is dependent upon the underlying etiology; the prognosis for cardiac pacing is favorable, and the prognosis for caval syndrome is grave if untreated and guarded to fair if heartworm extraction is performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2011.00623.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,4]],"date-time":"2011-04-04T15:12:52Z","timestamp":1301929972000},"page":"123-136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Interventional cardiology for the criticalist"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Brian 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