{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:33:55Z","timestamp":1780511635111,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,16]],"date-time":"2011-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1305504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Vet Emergen Crit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective \u2013<\/jats:bold>To determine clinical efficacy of the Crotalidae polyvalent immune F<jats:sub>ab<\/jats:sub>(ovine) antivenom (OPCA) against progressive crotalid envenomation in the dog as reflected in stabilization or improvement of snakebite severity scores (SSS). Additionally, due to the potential decreased half\u2010life of the F<jats:sub>ab<\/jats:sub>antibodies in dogs we compared SSS between dogs receiving 2 different dosing regimes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design \u2013<\/jats:bold>Prospective, clinical trial.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Setting \u2013<\/jats:bold>Five veterinary emergency and critical care facilities.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Animals \u2013<\/jats:bold>One hundred and fifteen client\u2010owned Crotalid (rattlesnake) snake bitten dogs in whom worsening of the envenomation syndrome was observed before OPCA treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Interventions \u2013<\/jats:bold>In a multicenter randomized clinical trial a single dose (1 vial) of OPCA alone was compared with 2 doses (1\/2 vial each) administered 6 hours apart. Standard supportive care was provided in all cases.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Measurements and Main Results \u2013<\/jats:bold>Data were available for 115 patients, 9 of which were fatalities. All patients' clinical condition was documented with a standardized SSS system accounting for each major body system. Each fatality received maximum severity scores of 20. The mean severity score of the 115 patients decreased from 4.19 to 3.29 points and there was no difference between the 2 treatment groups. The mean severity score of the 107 patients without fatalities decreased from 4.16 to 2.15. Antivenin\u2010related acute reactions occurred in 6 dogs (6%), and no serum sickness occurred within the 95 cases contacted at the 2\u2010week posttreatment follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions \u2013<\/jats:bold>In the first randomized trial in dogs of antivenin in the United States, OPCA effectively stabilized or terminated venom effects. 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