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We sought to define the mechanisms by which lymphocyte populations are depleted and recover following morphine treatment in mice.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH<\/jats:bold>Mice were implanted with morphine pellets and B\u2010 and T\u2010cell subsets in the bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes were analysed at various time points. We also examined the effects of morphine on T\u2010cell development using an<jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>assay.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>KEY RESULTS<\/jats:bold>The lymphocyte populations most susceptible to morphine\u2010induced depletion were the precursor cells undergoing selection. As the lymphocytes recovered, more lymphocyte precursors proliferated than in control mice. In addition, peripheral T\u2010cells displayed evidence that they had undergone homeostatic proliferation during the recovery phase of the experiments.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS<\/jats:bold>The recovery of lymphocytes following morphine\u2010induced depletion occurred in the presence of morphine and via increased proliferation of lymphoid precursors and homeostatic proliferation of T\u2010cells.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>LINKED ARTICLE<\/jats:bold>This article is commented on by Eisenstein, pp. 1826\u20131828 of this issue. To view this commentary visit<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01513.x\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476\u20105381.2011.01513.x<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01475.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,10]],"date-time":"2011-05-10T11:47:43Z","timestamp":1305028063000},"page":"1829-1844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Depletion and recovery of lymphoid subsets following morphine 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