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When these drugs are given<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, a plethora of immune parameters are also altered. The paper in this issue of the journal by Zhang<jats:italic>et\u2003al<\/jats:italic>. provides new information on morphine alteration of immune cell subsets in the spleen and thymus of mice and the potential role of glucocorticoids in these observed phenomena. This Commentary reviews the<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>activities of morphine on leucocytes, as well as other documented mechanisms by which morphine can alter immune function<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>LINKED ARTICLE<\/jats:bold>This article is a commentary on Zhang<jats:italic>et\u2003al<\/jats:italic>., pp. 1829\u20131844 of this issue. To view this paper visit<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01475.x\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476\u20105381.2011.01475.x<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01513.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,31]],"date-time":"2011-05-31T18:34:22Z","timestamp":1306866862000},"page":"1826-1828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Opioids and the immune system: what is their mechanism of action?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Toby 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