{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T14:45:16Z","timestamp":1777733116354,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,6]],"date-time":"2011-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE<\/jats:bold> Emodin (1,3,8\u2010trihydroxy\u20106\u2010methylanthraquinone) is an active component of many herb\u2010based laxatives. However, its mechanism of action is unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of mast cells and enteric neurons in emodin\u2010induced ion secretion in the rat colon.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH<\/jats:bold> Short\u2010circuit current (<jats:italic>I<jats:sub>SC<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>) recording was used to measure epithelial ion transport. A scanning ion\u2010selective electrode technique was used to directly measure Cl<jats:sup>\u2010<\/jats:sup> flux (<jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>Cl<\/jats:sub>\u2212) across the epithelium. RIA was used to measure emodin\u2010induced histamine release.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>KEY RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Basolateral addition of emodin induced a concentration\u2010dependent increase in <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>SC<\/jats:sub> in colonic mucosa\/submucosa preparations, EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> 75\u2003\u00b5M. The effect of emodin was blocked by apically applied glibenclamide, a Cl<jats:sup>\u2010<\/jats:sup> channel blocker, and by basolateral application of bumetanide, an inhibitor of the Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2010K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u20102Cl<jats:sup>\u2010<\/jats:sup> cotransporter. Emodin\u2010evoked <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>Cl<\/jats:sub>\u2212 in mucosa\/submucosa preparations was measured by scanning ion\u2010selective electrode technique, which correlated to the increase in <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>SC<\/jats:sub> and was significantly suppressed by glibenclamide and bumetanide. Pretreatment with tetrodotoxin and the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine had no effect on emodin\u2010induced \u0394<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>SC<\/jats:sub> in mucosa\u2010only preparations, but significantly reduced emodin\u2010induced \u0394<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>SC<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>Cl<\/jats:sub>\u2212 in mucosa\/submucosa preparations. The COX inhibitor indomethacin, the mast cell stabilizer ketotifen and H<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonist pyrilamine significantly reduced emodin\u2010induced \u0394<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>SC<\/jats:sub> in mucosa and mucosa\/submucosa preparations. The H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonist cimetidine inhibited emodin\u2010induced \u0394<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>SC<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>Cl<\/jats:sub>\u2212 only in the mucosa\/submucosa preparations. Furthermore, emodin increased histamine release from the colonic mucosa\/submucosa tissues.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS<\/jats:bold> The results suggest that emodin\u2010induced colonic Cl<jats:sup>\u2010<\/jats:sup> secretion involves mast cell degranulation and activation of cholinergic and non\u2010cholinergic submucosal neurons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01573.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]],"date-time":"2011-06-30T18:50:47Z","timestamp":1309459847000},"page":"197-207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Emodin induces chloride secretion in rat distal colon through activation of mast cells and enteric 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