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While this is often attributed to a direct inhibitory effect of the GR on inflammatory gene transcription, corticosteroids also induce the expression of anti\u2010inflammatory genes <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. As there are no data to support this effect in asthmatic subjects taking ICS, we have assessed whether ICS induce anti\u2010inflammatory gene expression in subjects with atopic asthma.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH<\/jats:bold> Bronchial biopsies from allergen\u2010challenged atopic asthmatic subjects taking inhaled budesonide or placebo were subjected to gene expression analysis using real\u2010time reverse transcriptase\u2010PCR for the corticosteroid\u2010inducible genes (official gene symbols with aliases in parentheses): TSC22D3 [glucocorticoid\u2010induced leucine zipper (GILZ)], dual\u2010specificity phosphatase\u20101 (MAPK phosphatase\u20101), both anti\u2010inflammatory effectors, and FKBP5 [FK506\u2010binding protein 51 (FKBP51)], a regulator of GR function. Cultured pulmonary epithelial and smooth muscle cells were also treated with corticosteroids before gene expression analysis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>KEY RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Compared with placebo, GILZ and FKBP51 mRNA expression was significantly elevated in budesonide\u2010treated subjects. Budesonide also increased GILZ expression in human epithelial and smooth muscle cells in culture. Immunostaining of bronchial biopsies revealed GILZ expression in the airways epithelium and smooth muscle of asthmatic subjects.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS<\/jats:bold> Expression of the corticosteroid\u2010induced genes, GILZ and FKBP51, is up\u2010regulated in the airways of allergen\u2010challenged asthmatic subjects taking inhaled budesonide. Consequently, the biological effects of corticosteroid\u2010induced genes should be considered when assessing the actions of ICS. Treatment modalities that increase or decrease GR\u2010dependent transcription may correspondingly affect corticosteroid efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01620.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]],"date-time":"2011-08-09T12:26:43Z","timestamp":1312892803000},"page":"1737-1747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Corticosteroid\u2010induced gene expression in allergen\u2010challenged asthmatic subjects taking inhaled 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