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The existence of 19 different subunits gives rise to a multiplicity of GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptor subtypes with distinct subunit composition; regional, cellular and subcellular distribution; and pharmacology. Most of these receptors are composed of two \u03b1, two \u03b2 and one \u03b32 subunits. GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptors are the site of action of a variety of pharmacologically and clinically important drugs, such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, neuroactive steroids, anaesthetics and convulsants. Whereas GABA acts at the two extracellular \u03b2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u03b1<jats:sup>\u2010<\/jats:sup>interfaces of GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptors, the allosteric modulatory benzodiazepines interact with the extracellular \u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u03b32<jats:sup>\u2010<\/jats:sup>interface. In contrast, barbiturates, neuroactive steroids and anaesthetics seem to interact with solvent accessible pockets in the transmembrane domain. Several benzodiazepine site ligands have been identified that selectively interact with GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptor subtypes containing \u03b12\u03b2\u03b32, \u03b13\u03b2\u03b32 or \u03b15\u03b2\u03b32 subunits. This indicates that the different \u03b1 subunit types present in these receptors convey sufficient structural differences to the benzodiazepine binding site to allow specific interaction with certain benzodiazepine site ligands. Recently, a novel drug binding site was identified at the \u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u03b2<jats:sup>\u2010<\/jats:sup>interface. This binding site is homologous to the benzodiazepine binding site at the \u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u03b32<jats:sup>\u2010<\/jats:sup>interface and is thus also strongly influenced by the type of \u03b1 subunit present in the receptor. Drugs interacting with this binding site cannot directly activate but only allosterically modulate GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>receptors. 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