{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T11:25:25Z","timestamp":1778757925144,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,6]],"date-time":"2012-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1352160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE<\/jats:bold> Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive dopaminergic cell loss; however, the noradrenergic system exhibits degeneration as well. Noradrenergic deficit in PD may be responsible for certain non\u2010motor symptoms of the pathology, including psychiatric disorders and cognitive decline. The aim of this study was to generate a pre\u2010motor rodent model of PD with noradrenergic denervation, and to assess whether treatment with exendin\u20104 (EX\u20104), a glucagon\u2010like peptide 1 receptor agonist, could reverse impairment exhibited by our model.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH<\/jats:bold> We generated a model of PD utilizing <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010(2\u2010chloroethyl)\u2010<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010ethyl\u20102\u2010bromobenzylamine and 6\u2010hydroxydopamine to create partial lesions of both the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems respectively. We then assessed the validity of our model using an array of behavioural paradigms and biochemical techniques. Finally, we administered EX\u20104 over a 1 week period to determine therapeutic efficacy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>KEY RESULTS<\/jats:bold> Our model exhibits anhedonia and decreased object recognition as indicated by a decrease in sucrose preference, increased immobility in the forced swim test and reduced novel object exploration. Tissue and extracellular dopamine and noradrenaline were reduced in the frontal cortex and striatum. TH+ cell counts decreased in the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. Treatment with EX\u20104 reversed behavioural impairment and restored extracellular\/tissue levels of both dopamine and noradrenaline and TH+ cell counts.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS<\/jats:bold> We conclude that early treatment with EX\u20104 may reverse certain neuropsychiatric dysfunction and restore dopamine and noradrenaline content.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02100.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,10]],"date-time":"2012-07-10T09:41:46Z","timestamp":1341913306000},"page":"1467-1479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["<i>Retracted<\/i>: Exendin\u20104 reverts behavioural and neurochemical dysfunction in a pre\u2010motor rodent model of Parkinson's disease with noradrenergic 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