{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:46:36Z","timestamp":1790930796478,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,17]],"date-time":"2005-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1111017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background: <\/jats:bold> Significant diversity in disease severity has been identified for autoimmune disorders among different ethnic groups. Current knowledge of both the natural history and management of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) has been derived from European or Japanese patients, and there is limited information about the disease in patients from other ethnic groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Aims: <\/jats:bold> To assess the clinical, histological and immunological features of AIH in patients from Somalia and to determine their response to therapy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods: <\/jats:bold> Retrospective review of a cohort of young Somalian men with atypical AIH compared with a control group of European patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results: <\/jats:bold> The six Somalian men were younger at presentation (median age 37 (range 24\u201359) years) than the seven female and three male European controls (55 (34\u201354) years, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.06). The Somalians had slightly more severe disease at presentation\u2013median modified Ishak stage of 2.5 compared with 2 in Europeans (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.61) and four (66%) had features of cholestasis compared with only one (10%) European patient (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.04). Therapy with prednisolone and azathioprine was completely effective for eight of 10 Europeans but only one of seven Somalians (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.04). Analysis of human leucocyte antigen types revealed differences between the Somalian and European patients, although these differences did not reach statistical significance.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions: <\/jats:bold> Somalian men with AIH present with cholestatic features and respond poorly to standard immunosuppressive regimes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01088.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,17]],"date-time":"2005-03-17T10:31:08Z","timestamp":1111055468000},"page":"325-330","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["An unusual form of autoimmune hepatitis in young Somalian men"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"D'Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Sinnott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"Glynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. A.","family":"Sabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.R.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.34944"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"435","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"40","author":"Czaja A J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"evolving concepts and strategies"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","first-page":"929","article-title":"International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group Report","volume":"31","year":"1999","journal-title":"review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"998","article-title":"Meeting report","volume":"18","author":"Johnson P","year":"1993","journal-title":"international autoimmune hepatitis group"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)92149-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"701","article-title":"Susceptibilty to autoimmune chronic active hepatitis","volume":"13","author":"Donaldson P","year":"1991","journal-title":"human leukocyte antigens DR4 and A1-B8-DR3 are independent risk factors"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1986.tb00485.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120609"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"1194","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"31","author":"Czaja A","year":"2000","journal-title":"the investigational and clinical challenges"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.5.713"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(95)80226-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199510123331502"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Evolution of autoimmune hepatitis to primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"36","author":"Abdo A","year":"2002","journal-title":"a sequential syndrome"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"1078","article-title":"Characterisation of the overlap syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"29","author":"Lohse A","year":"1999","journal-title":"evidence for it being a hepatitic form of PBC in genetically susceptible individuals"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the clinical expression of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"6","author":"Molina J F","year":"1997","journal-title":"a comparative study between African-Americans and Latin Americans"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.5.792"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","first-page":"2470","article-title":"In vitro response to immunosuppressive agents in blacks","volume":"25","author":"Ward M","year":"1993","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1994.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","first-page":"359","article-title":"Fast and slow methylators","volume":"83","author":"Chocair P","year":"1993","journal-title":"do racial differences influence risk of allograft rejection"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250211"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","first-page":"857","article-title":"Racial origin and its effect on disease expression and HLA\u2010DRB1 types in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"39","author":"Griffiths B","year":"2000","journal-title":"a matched cross-sectional study"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","first-page":"1374","article-title":"Paediatric and adult forms of type1 autoimmune hepatitis in Argentina","volume":"30","author":"Pando M","year":"1999","journal-title":"evidence for differential genetic predisposition"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80347-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01229.x"}],"container-title":["Liver International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1478-3231.2005.01088.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01088.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T13:21:47Z","timestamp":1697116907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01088.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,17]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01088.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01088.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-3223","1478-3231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-3223","type":"print"},{"value":"1478-3231","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,17]]}}}