{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:06:47Z","timestamp":1791112007040,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,7]],"date-time":"2008-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background\/Aims:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Indoleamine\u20102,3\u2010dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan\u2010catabolizing enzyme inducing suppression of T\u2010cell function and immune tolerance. In hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic (Tg) mice, the adoptive transfer of HBV\u2010specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) causes a necroinflammatory liver disease that is histologically similar to acute viral hepatitis in man. The present study aimed to determine IDO expression in the liver and hepatocytes during an acute hepatitis model.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Serum\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010kynurenine (\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010Kyn) concentration in HBV Tg mice administered with HBV\u2010specific CTL was measured over time, together with serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Furthermore, we examined the expression of IDO in the total liver and isolated hepatocytes of HBV Tg mice after CTL injection using immunohistochemical analysis and reverse\u2010transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In HBV Tg mice, HBV\u2010specific CTL induced, over the course of several days, a chronic increase in serum\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010Kyn levels, which was associated with a sustained enhancement of liver IDO activity. In particular, IDO expression was enhanced in the liver parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) after HBV\u2010specific CTL injection both in immunohistochemical analysis and in reverse\u2010transcription PCR. Moreover, murine recombinant interferon\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u2010\u03b3) directly increased the IDO expression in primary hepatocytes\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cytotoxic T lymphocytes transduction results in the upregulation of IDO, which might downregulate T\u2010cell responsiveness. Our findings provide evidence that hepatocyte itself expresses IDO and increases levels of\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010Kyn in the blood in acute lethal hepatitis of mice. These data indicate that HBV infection facilitates the induction of IDO in response to proinflammatory cytokines, particularly IFN\u2010\u03b3.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01748.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]],"date-time":"2010-03-30T00:56:42Z","timestamp":1269910602000},"page":"277-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Upregulation of indoleamine 2,3\u2010dioxygenase in hepatocyte during acute hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus\u2010specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Naoki","family":"Iwamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyasu","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Taguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuniaki","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michio","family":"Imawari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisataka","family":"Moriwaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Seishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92250-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198711123172004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00196169"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.5.1541"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200108)31:8<2313::AID-IMMU2313>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.57.3.845-849.1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"469","article-title":"Tryptophan 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