{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:09:59Z","timestamp":1790870999805,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]],"date-time":"2011-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mitochondria are the main sites for fatty acid oxidation and play a central role in lipotoxicity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated whether carnitine prevents free fatty acid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FFA<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010induced lipotoxicity <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HepG2<\/jats:styled-content> cells were incubated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FFA<\/jats:styled-content>, along with carnitine and carnitine complexes. Mitochondrial \u03b2\u2010oxidation, transmembrane potential, intracellular <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATP<\/jats:styled-content> levels and changes in mitochondrial copy number and morphology were analysed. Otsuka Long\u2010Evans Tokushima Fatty and Long\u2010Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats were segregated into three experimental groups and fed for 8\u00a0weeks with (i) normal chow, (ii) a methionine choline\u2010deficient (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCD<\/jats:styled-content>) diet or (iii) an <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010carnitine\u2010supplemented <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCD<\/jats:styled-content> diet.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carnitine prevented FFA\u2010induced apoptosis (16% vs. 3%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). FFA treatment resulted in swollen mitochondria with increased inner matrix density and loss of cristae. However, mitochondria co\u2010treated with carnitine had normal ultrastructure. The mitochondrial DNA copy number was higher in the carnitine treatment group than in the palmitic acid treatment group (375 vs. 221 copies, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The carnitine group showed higher mitochondrial \u03b2\u2010oxidation than did the control and palmitic acid treatment groups (597 vs. 432 and 395 ccpm, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Carnitine treatment increased the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A and peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor\u2010\u03b3, and carnitine\u2010lipoic acid further augmented the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression. In the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> model, carnitine\u2010treated rats showed lower alanine transaminase levels and lesser lobular inflammation than did the MCD\u2010treated rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carnitine and carnitine\u2010lipoic acid prevent lipotoxicity by increasing mitochondrial \u03b2\u2010oxidation and reducing intracellular oxidative stress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02602.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,3]],"date-time":"2011-08-03T18:33:48Z","timestamp":1312396428000},"page":"1315-1324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Prevention of free fatty acid\u2010induced hepatic lipotoxicity by carnitine via reversal of mitochondrial dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Dae Won","family":"Jun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Hanyang University School of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Kyeong","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celltrion Pharma Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Hyun","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010Medical Laboratory Science College of Health Sciences Eulji University Seong Nam Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuk Jin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celltrion Pharma Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki\u2010Seok","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Hanyang University School of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun\u2010Jeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Hanyang 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