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Two of them, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>nterleukin\u201033 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL\u201033<\/jats:styled-content>) and high\u2010mobility group box\u20101 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HMGB<\/jats:styled-content>1), share many similarities of cellular localization, functions and involvement in various inflammatory pathologies including hepatitis. The expressions of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201033 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HMGB<\/jats:styled-content>1, and their receptors <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ST<\/jats:styled-content>2 and receptor for advanced glycation end products (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAGE<\/jats:styled-content>), are substantially up\u2010regulated during acute and chronic hepatitis. Recent data evidence a possible protective role of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201033\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ST<\/jats:styled-content>2 axis during liver injury. A contrast in expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201033 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HMGB<\/jats:styled-content>1 alarmins were associated with type of hepatocellular death mediated by immune cells or hepato\u2010toxic agents. The massive release of active form of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201033 from hepatocytes may affect the recruitment and activation of its <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ST<\/jats:styled-content>2\u2010positive target immune cells in the liver to confer its alarmin functions. This review highlights the emerging roles of alarmin proteins in various liver pathologies, by focusing on classical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HMGB<\/jats:styled-content>1 and a newly discovered alarmin, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201033.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2012.02802.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,25]],"date-time":"2012-04-25T01:48:03Z","timestamp":1335318483000},"page":"1200-1210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["<scp>IL<\/scp>\u201033 and <scp>HMGB<\/scp>1 alarmins: sensors of cellular death and their involvement in liver pathology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Muhammad I.","family":"Arshad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Sant\u00e9 Environnement &amp; Travail (IRSET) Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (Inserm), U.1085 Rennes 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