{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T22:47:18Z","timestamp":1781909238785,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,18]],"date-time":"2008-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1226966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Conservation Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>The task of measuring the decline of global biodiversity and instituting changes to halt and reverse this downturn has been taken up in response to the Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 target. It is an undertaking made more difficult by the complex nature of biodiversity and the consequent difficulty in accurately gauging its depletion. In the Living Planet Index, aggregated population trends among vertebrate species indicate the rate of change in the status of biodiversity, and this index can be used to address the question of whether or not the 2010 target has been achieved. We investigated the use of generalized additive models in aggregating large quantities of population trend data, evaluated potential bias that results from collation of existing trends, and explored the feasibility of disaggregating the data (e.g., geographically, taxonomically, regionally, and by thematic area). Our results show strengths in length and completeness of data, little evidence of bias toward threatened species, and the possibility of disaggregation into meaningful subsets. Limitations of the data set are still apparent, in particular the dominance of bird data and gaps in tropical\u2010species population coverage. Population\u2010trend data complement the longer\u2010term, but more coarse\u2010grained, perspectives gained by evaluating species\u2010level extinction rates. To measure progress toward the 2010 target, indicators must be adapted and strategically supplemented with existing data to generate meaningful indicators in time. Beyond 2010, it is critical a strategy be set out for the future development of indicators that will deal with existing data gaps and that is intricately tied to the goals of future biodiversity targets.<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2008.01117.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,18]],"date-time":"2008-11-18T14:02:23Z","timestamp":1227016943000},"page":"317-327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":343,"title":["Monitoring Change in Vertebrate Abundance: the Living Planet Index"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"BEN","family":"COLLEN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JONATHAN","family":"LOH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SARAH","family":"WHITMEE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LOUISE","family":"McRAE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RAJAN","family":"AMIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JONATHAN E. M.","family":"BAILLIE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00067-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2004.1589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2004.00083.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069349"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Statistical computing: an introduction to data analysis using S\u2010Plus","author":"Crawley M. 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E.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"Ecosystems and human well\u2010being: biodiversity synthesis","author":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"The global population dynamics database","author":"NERC Centre for Population Biology","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"European common bird index: population trends of European common birds 2005 update","author":"Pan\u2010European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (PECBMS)","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35012221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","volume-title":"R: language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.638"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1095046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme).2002.Report on the sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (UNEP\/CBD\/COP\/20\/Part 2) Strategic Plan Decision VI\/26 in CBD.UNEP Nairobi ."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme).2006.Report on the eighth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity CBD.UNEP Nairobi ."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"3165","article-title":"Amphibian and reptile declines over 35 years at La Selva, Costa Rica","volume":"103","author":"Whitfield S. 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