{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T01:34:42Z","timestamp":1773970482268,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,27]],"date-time":"2007-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1182902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3648,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> is recognized as the main cause of chronic gastritis and its associated diseases, very little is known about the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to intestinal metaplasia and atrophic gastritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reviewed the data regarding the possible pathogenetic role played by the anti\u2013<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> immune responses in the genesis of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although only type A (corpus\u2010restricted atrophic gastritis), often associated to pernicious anemia, is considered autoimmune in nature, abundant evidence supports the presence of cellular and humoral autoimmune responses also in patients with <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection. In a mechanism known as <jats:italic>antigenic mimicry<\/jats:italic>, highly conserved immunogenic molecules expressed by infectious pathogens may act as a trigger for the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses that cross\u2010react with host cellular antigens. Numerous studies support the view that <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> is very effective in inducing antigenic mimicry, and antibodies against <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> have been found to cross\u2010react with both antral mucosal cells (the membrane of the secretory canalicular structures of the parietal cells) and gastrin\u2010producing cells. Such autoantibodies were detected both in human infections and in experimental work in rodents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The detection of antibodies that cross\u2010react with <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> and various components of the gastric mucosa provides strong support to the view that immune responses against <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> not only participate in the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to atrophy in the progressive atrophic gastritis associated with <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic> infection but also in the corpus\u2010restricted autoimmune gastritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.1997.06b05.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,27]],"date-time":"2007-06-27T14:42:26Z","timestamp":1182955346000},"page":"13-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Autoantibodies to Gastric Mucosa in <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> Infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Negrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Savio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben J.","family":"Appelmelk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.1.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1990.tb01476.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1993.tb01666.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_2","first-page":"341","article-title":"Demonstration of gastrin cell autoantibodies in antral gastritis with avidin\u2010biotin complex antibody technique","volume":"2","author":"Uibo RM","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197906213002502"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91565-5","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies for specific immunoperoxidase detection of Campylobacter pylori","volume":"2","author":"Negrini R","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90023-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v111.pm8780570"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_2","first-page":"483","article-title":"Antigastric autoantibodies in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Prevalence, in situ binding sites and clues for clinical relevance","volume":"2","author":"Faller G","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529209000125"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_2_12_2","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Auto\u2010antibodies and Helicobacter pylori infection: Does autoimmunity affect progression to atrophic gastritis?","volume":"2","author":"Negrini R","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113344"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409094870"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.9.2196-2200.1996","article-title":"Typing of Helicobater pylori with monoclonal antibodies against Lewis antigens in lipo\u2010polysaccharide","volume":"2","author":"Simoons\u2010Smit IM","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_2","first-page":"745","article-title":"Expression of Lewisa, Lewisb, Lewisx, Lewisy, siayl\u2010Lewisa, and sialyl\u2010Lewisx blood group antigens in human gastric carcinoma and in normal gastric tissue","volume":"2","author":"Sakamoto S","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.6.2031-2040.1996","article-title":"Potential role of molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide and host Lewis blood group antigens in autoimmunity","volume":"2","author":"Appelmelk BJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365527909181408"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_2","unstructured":"AxumaT ItoY MiyajiH DojyoM TanakaY HiraiM ItoS KatoT KohliY.Immunogenetic analysis of the human leukocyte antigen DQA1 locus in patients with duodenal ulcer or chronic atrophic gastritis harbouringHelicobacter pylori.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol1995;(suppl 1):S71\u20133."}],"container-title":["Helicobacter"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1523-5378.1997.06b05.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1523-5378.1997.06b05.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T05:37:03Z","timestamp":1695793023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1523-5378.1997.06b05.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"s1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1523-5378.1997.06b05.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-5378.1997.06b05.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-4389","1523-5378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-4389","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-5378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]}}}