{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:23:10Z","timestamp":1790839390506,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,13]],"date-time":"2006-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1152748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    gastritis increases gastric cancer risk. Microsatellite instability\u2010type mutations are secondary to deficient DNA mismatch repair.\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    gastritis is more frequent in patients with microsatellite instability\u2010positive gastric cancers, and\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    organisms independently of inflammation can reduce DNA mismatch repair protein levels, raising the hypothesis that\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    organisms might lead to mutagenesis during infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Mutations were detected using a green fluorescent protein reporter vector (pEGFP\u2010CA13). Gastric cancer AGS cells transfected with pEGFP\u2010CA13 were cocultured with\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The numbers of green fluorescent protein (GFP)\u2010positive cells were determined, and GFP, hMSH2, and hMLH1 protein levels were measured by Western blot. The effect of\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    on CpG methylation status of hMLH1 was determined by methylation\u2010specific polymerase chain reaction.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    GFP levels and GFP\u2010positive cell numbers in AGS cells cocultured with\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly increased, as the levels of hMLH1 and hMSH2 dropped.\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    cocultures induced low\u2010level CpG methylation of the hMLH1 promoter. Sequence analysis of cells cocultured with\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed an increased number of frameshift mutations and point mutations as compared to cells not cocultured with\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0.03 and\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.001, respectively).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    This is the first report showing that\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteria may lead to accumulation of genomic mutations, independently of underlying inflammation. This is associated with reduced DNA mismatch repair, and is at least in part associated with CpG methylation of the hMLH1 promoter. These data support the notion that\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                    induced mutations and epigenetic alterations in gastric epithelial cells during chronic gastritis may contribute to an increased risk of gastric cancer associated with\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2006.00408.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,13]],"date-time":"2006-07-13T03:42:23Z","timestamp":1152762143000},"page":"272-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Demonstration and Characterization of Mutations Induced by\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    Organisms in Gastric Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Il","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge L.","family":"Sepulveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia R.","family":"Sepulveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Live flukes and Helicobacter pylori. 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