{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T21:21:40Z","timestamp":1778707300490,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuromodulationjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]],"date-time":"2014-11-13T17:09:44Z","timestamp":1415898584000},"page":"52-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"special_numbering":"S2","title":["Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Axial Back Pain: A Review of Mechanisms, Techniques, Outcomes, and Future Advances"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Timothy","family":"Deer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Pope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Hayek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samer","family":"Narouze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parag","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Foreman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashwini","family":"Sharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2011.00373.x","article-title":"Using the SAFE principles when evaluating electrical stimulation therapies for the pain of failed back surgery syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Krames","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3699.971","article-title":"Pain Mechanisms: a new theory","volume":"150","author":"Melzack","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-196707000-00025","article-title":"Electrical Inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report","volume":"46","author":"Shealy","year":"1967","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.07.028","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation versus conventional medical management for neuropathic pain: A multicentre randomized controlled trial in patients with failed back surgery syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000325731.46702.D9","article-title":"The effects of spinal cord stimulation in neuropathic pain are sustained: A 24-month follow-up of the prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial of the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation","volume":"63","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(01)00083-3","article-title":"Patient satisfaction with spinal cord stimulation for predominant complaints of chronic, intractable low back pain","volume":"1","author":"Ohnmeiss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000166502.05449.a8","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for axial low back pain. a prospective, controlled trial comparing dual with single percutaneous electrodes","volume":"30","author":"North","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181b64ab8","article-title":"Mortality associated with implantation and management of intrathecal opioid drug infusion systems to treat noncancer pain","volume":"111","author":"Coffey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2004.04011.x","article-title":"Intrathecal drug delivery for treatment of chronic low back pain report from the national outcomes registry for low back pain","volume":"5","author":"Deer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00886.x","article-title":"A critical time for practice change in the pain treatment continuum: we need to reconsider the role of pumps in the patient care algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Deer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00476.x","article-title":"Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference 2012: Recommendations for the Management of Pain by Intrathecal (Intraspinal) Drug Delivery: Report of an Interdisciplinary Expert Panel","volume":"15","author":"Deer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2011.00371.x","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation versus re-operation in patients with failed back surgery syndrome: an International multicenter randomized controlled trial (EVIDENCE study)","volume":"14","author":"North","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2011.00373.x","article-title":"Using the safe principles when evaluating electrical stimulation therapies for failed back surgery syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Krames","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2007.00116.x","article-title":"Peripheral nerve field stimulation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: preliminary results of long-term follow-up: a case series","volume":"10","author":"Paicius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2010.00316.x","article-title":"Prospective, two part study of the interaction between spinal cord stimulation and peripheral nerve field stimulation in patients with low back pain: development of a new spinal-peripheral neurostimulation method","volume":"14","author":"Mironer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2011.00387.x","article-title":"Peripheral nerve field stimulation in the treatment of postlaminectomy syndrome after multilevel Spinal surgeries","volume":"14","author":"Yakovlev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000323047","article-title":"Hybrid Neurostimulator: simultaneous use of spinal cord and peripheral nerve field stimulation to treat low back and leg pain","volume":"24","author":"Lipov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Neurol Surg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1403.2001.00059.x","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation with a multiple electrode paddle lead is effective in treating intractable low back pain","volume":"4","author":"Barolat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2011.00404.x","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation with hybrid lead relieves pain in low back and legs","volume":"15","author":"deVos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib20","first-page":"204","article-title":"A unique approach to neurostimulation in patients with previous two-segment spine surgery and obstruction of epidural access for spinal cord stimulation: a case series","volume":"15","author":"Mironer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2011.00393.x","article-title":"Subcutaneous stimulation as an additional therapy to spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of lower limb pain and\/or back pain: a feasibility study","volume":"15","author":"Hamm-Faber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2011.00388.x","article-title":"Subcutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation with inter-lead stimulation for axial neck and low back pain. Case series and review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Burgher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00123.x","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation in axial low back pain: solving the dilemma","volume":"7","author":"Oakley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31652-7","article-title":"An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain","volume":"22","author":"Frymoyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2007.00169.x","article-title":"The prevalence of facet-joint-related chronic neck pain in postsurgical and nonpostsurgical patients: a comparative evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2010.00408.x","article-title":"Evidence based medicine. 15. Discogenic low back pain","volume":"10","author":"Kallweaaed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31644-8","article-title":"The tissue origin of low back pain and sciatica: a report of pain response to tissue stimulation during operations on the lumbar spine using local anesthesia","volume":"22","author":"Kuslich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199404000-00013","article-title":"The relative contributions of the disc and zygapophyseal joint in chronic low back pain","volume":"19","author":"Schwarzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2009\/12\/399","article-title":"Evaluation of sacroiliac joint interventions: a systemic appraisal of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Rupert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/333","article-title":"Efficacy of transverse tripolar spinal cord stimulator for the relief of chronic low back pain from failed back surgery","volume":"11","author":"Buvanendran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2011.00489.x","article-title":"Is spinal cord stimulation an effective treatment option for discogenic pain?","volume":"12","author":"Vallejo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909111410414","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for cancer-related low back pain","volume":"29","author":"Yakovlev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2004.04305.x","article-title":"The psychological assessment of candidates for spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain management","volume":"4","author":"Beltrutti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(86)90074-6","article-title":"Male and female chronic pain patients characterized by DSM-III psychiatric diagnostic criteria","volume":"26","author":"Fishbain","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(05)70124-3","article-title":"Primary care and pain medicine: a community solution to the public health problem of chronic pain","volume":"83","author":"Gallagher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00632.x","article-title":"Pretreatment psychosocial variables as predictors of outcomes following lumbar surgery or spinal cord stimulation: a systematic review and literature synthesis","volume":"10","author":"Celestin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2006.21.6.4","article-title":"Psychological factors in spinal cord stimulation therapy: brief review and discussion","volume":"21","author":"Doleys","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00276.x","article-title":"Demographic characteristics of patients with severe neuropathic pain secondary to failed back surgery syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Thomson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20063","article-title":"Evidence of augmented central pain processing in idiopathic chronic low back pain","volume":"50","author":"Gesecke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib40","series-title":"Pathophysiology of pain perception","first-page":"59","article-title":"Disturbances in pain perception in chronic back pain","author":"Peters","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-011-0206-6","article-title":"Evidence for shared pain mechanisms in osteoarthritis, low back pain, and fibromyalgia","volume":"13","author":"Staud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10893","article-title":"Neurophysiologic evidence for a central sensitization in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"48","author":"Desmeules","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.06.012","article-title":"Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity","volume":"9","author":"Latremoliere","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135531","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: a maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage","volume":"32","author":"Costigan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2533","article-title":"Pathological and protective roles of glia in chronic pain","volume":"10","author":"Milligan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1403.1999.00150.x","article-title":"Physiology of spinal cord stimulation. Review and update","volume":"2","author":"Linderoth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00119.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of spinal cord stimulation in painful syndromes: role of animal models","volume":"7","author":"Linderoth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00171-A","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation in animal models of mononeuropathy: effects on the withdrawal response and the flexor reflex","volume":"61","author":"Meyerson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00169-9","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation attenuates dorsal horn neuronal hyperexcitability in a rat model of mononeuropathy","volume":"79","author":"Yakhnitsa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00077-8","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation attenuates augmented dorsal horn release of excitatory amino acids in mononeuropathy via a GABAergic mechanism","volume":"73","author":"Cui","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199608000-00026","article-title":"Release of GABA in the dorsal horn and suppression of tactile allodynia by spinal cord stimulation in mononeuropathic rats","volume":"39","author":"Stiller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(96)03069-2","article-title":"Effects of spinal cord stimulation on touch evoked allodynia involve GABAergic mechanisms. An experimental study in the mononeuropathic rat","volume":"66","author":"Cui","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00324-3","article-title":"Effects of spinal cord stimulation on tactile hypersensitivity in mononeuropathic rats is potentiated by GABA-B and adenosine receptor activation","volume":"247","author":"Cui","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000115150.83395.48","article-title":"Intrathecal clonidine potentiates suppression of tactile hypersensitivity by spinal cord stimulation in a model of neuropathy","volume":"99","author":"Schechtmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00111-2","article-title":"Attenuation of neuropathic pain by segmental and supraspinal activation of the dorsal column system in awake rats","volume":"112","author":"El-Khoury","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181fcf590","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation: exploration of the physiological basis of a widely used therapy","volume":"113","author":"Linderoth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02003-X","article-title":"Inhibitory effects from various types of dorsal column and raphe magnus stimulations on nociceptive withdrawal flexion reflexes","volume":"846","author":"Saad\u00e9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.06.002","article-title":"Nociceptive behavior in animal models for peripheral neuropathy: spinal and supraspinal mechanisms","volume":"86","author":"Saad\u00e9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.09.020","article-title":"Pain relief by spinal cord stimulation involves serotonergic mechanisms: an experimental study in a rat model of mononeuropathy","volume":"147","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.03.012","article-title":"Spinal 5-HT receptors that contribute to the pain-relieving effects of spinal cord stimulation in a rat model of neuropathy","volume":"152","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1403.2002._2005.x","article-title":"Elements are activated directly by spinal cord stimulation","volume":"5","author":"Holsheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90047-7","article-title":"Perception threshold and electrode position for spinal cord stimulation","volume":"59","author":"He","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/107.3.671","article-title":"Topographical anatomy of the posterior columns of the spinal cord in man. The long ascending fibres","volume":"107","author":"Smith","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf111","article-title":"Morphometry of human superficial dorsal and dorsolateral column fibres: significance to spinal cord stimulation","volume":"125","author":"Feirabend","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib65","unstructured":"Liem L, Verrills P. Spinal modulation system receives CE mark for the management of chronic intractable pain. 15th Annual North American Neuromodulation Society (NANS) Conference in Las Vegas, December 11, 2011."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000166502.05449.a8","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for axial low back pain: a prospective, controlled trial comparing dual with single percutaneous electrodes","volume":"30","author":"North","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1403.2001.00059.x","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation with a multiple electrode paddle lead is effective in treating intractable low back pain","volume":"4","author":"Barolat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1403.1999.00258.x","article-title":"Treatment of failed back surgery syndrome patients with low back and leg pain: a pilot study of a new dual lead spinal cord stimulation system","volume":"2","author":"Van Buyten","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(01)00083-3","article-title":"Patient satisfaction with spinal cord stimulation for predominant complaints of chronic, intractable low back pain","volume":"1","author":"Ohnmeiss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000144839.65524.E0","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation versus repeated spine surgery for chronic pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"56","author":"North","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2005.00027.x","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation versus conventional medical management: a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter study of patients with failed back surgery syndrome (PROCESS study)","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.07.028","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation versus conventional medical management for neuropathic pain: a multicenter randomized controlled trial in patients with failed back surgery syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2009\/12\/379","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Frey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318179032a","article-title":"Systematic review of the (cost) effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation for people with failed back surgery syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Bala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib75","first-page":"381","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation electrode design: prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing percutaneous and laminectomy electrodes-part I: technical outcomes","volume":"51","author":"North","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000180030.00167.b9","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation electrode design: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing percutaneous with laminectomy electrodes: part II-clinical outcomes","volume":"57","author":"North","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2006.00043.x","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for axial low back pain: a prospective controlled trial comparing 16-contact insulated electrodes with 4-contact percutaneous electrodes","volume":"9","author":"North","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200204000-00003","article-title":"New trends in neuromodulation for the management of neuropathic pain","volume":"50","author":"Holsheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02511237","article-title":"Transverse tripolar spinal cord stimulation: theoretical performance of a dual channel system","volume":"34","author":"Struijk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2006.00060.x","article-title":"Transverse tripolar spinal cord stimulation: results of an international multicenter study","volume":"9","author":"Oakley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2010\/13\/321","article-title":"Pulse width programming in spinal cord stimulation: a clinical study","volume":"13","author":"Yearwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2011.00395.x","article-title":"Incidence and avoidance of neurologic complications with paddle type spinal cord stimulation leads","volume":"14","author":"Levy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199803000-00022","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of paresthesia steering with a new system for spinal cord stimulation","volume":"42","author":"Holsheimer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2008.00178.x","article-title":"Efficacy of a single, percutaneous, across midline octrode lead using a midline anchoring technique in the treatment of chronic low back and\/or lower extremity pain: a retrospective study","volume":"11","author":"Mironer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib85","first-page":"2443","article-title":"Dorsal column steerability with dual parallel leads using dedicated power sources: a computational model. Boston Scientific, Neuromodulation","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00461.x","article-title":"Technological innovation in spinal cord stimulation: use of a newly developed delivery device for introduction of spinal cord stimulation leads","volume":"15","author":"Log\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1287830","article-title":"A novel percutaneous technique to implant plate-type electrodes","volume":"54","author":"Log\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib88","series-title":"Percutaneous implanted paddle lead for SCS\u2014technique and one year follow up","author":"Schu","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00473.x","article-title":"Percutaneous implanted paddle lead for spinal cord stimulation: technical considerations and long term follow-up","volume":"15","author":"Kinfe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2011.00419.x","article-title":"The prospective evaluation of safety and success if a new method if introducing percutaneous paddle leads and complex arrays within the epidural access system","volume":"15","author":"Deer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib91","unstructured":"Barolat G. Peripheral Subcutaneous Stimulation., A Photographic Surgical Atlas. Blurb Edition, 2009."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib92","unstructured":"Wolkowitz RM, Meyer DJ, McRoberts WP et al. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate peripheral nerve field stimulation using subcutaneous placement of neurostimulation leads in the treatment of localized chronic intractable pain of the lumbar area. Oral and Poster Presentation, International Neuromodulation Society Meeting 2010, London England. 2011."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01201.x","article-title":"Peripheral nerve field stimulation for chronic pain: 100 cases and review of literature","volume":"12","author":"Verrills","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib94","unstructured":"Likar R. Conclusion. Austrian registry presentation at international neuromodulation society meeting 2011. Presented at the INS, London, 2011."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib95","unstructured":"Courtney P. Superior and middle cluneal nerves: an important target for stimulation in the treatment of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). INS Meeting, London, 2011."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE09747","article-title":"Anatomy and landmarks for the superior and middle cluneal nerves: application to posterior iliac crest harvest and entrapment syndromes","volume":"13","author":"Tubbd","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1053\/j.trap.2009.06.005","article-title":"Ultrasonography in pain medicine: future directions","volume":"13","author":"Narouze","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib98","unstructured":"Navarro RM, Krames E. An Algorithm for programming spinal cord stimulator peripheral subcutaneous field stimulator system for axial back pain. Presented 9\/14\/2009. INS meeting, Seoul, 2009."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2010.00316.x","article-title":"Prospective, two part study of the interaction between spinal cord stimulation and peripheral nerve field stimulation in patients with low back pain: development of a new spinal-peripheral neurostimulation method","volume":"14","author":"Mirnoer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01307-0","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management","volume":"353","author":"Woolf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181d2375e","article-title":"Labat lecture: the primary sensory neuron: where it is, what it does, and why it matters","volume":"35","author":"Hogan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5472.1765","article-title":"Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain","volume":"288","author":"Woolf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00135-9","article-title":"Unexplained peculiarities of the dorsal root ganglion","volume":"82","author":"Devor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(83)90164-1","article-title":"Sensory afferent impulses originate from dorsal root ganglia as well as from the periphery in normal and nerve injured rats","volume":"17","author":"Wall","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib105","first-page":"2098","article-title":"Morphologic analysis of normal human lumbar dorsal root ganglion by 3D MR Imaging","volume":"27","author":"Shen","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJNR"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199605010-00001","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of the lumbosacral nerve roots and dorsal root ganglia by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"21","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.74.2.0236","article-title":"Dorsal root ganglionectomy for failed back surgery syndrome: a 5\u2013year follow-up study","volume":"74","author":"North","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.74.2.0236","article-title":"Dorsal root ganglionectomy for failed back surgery syndrome: a 5-year follow-up study","volume":"74","author":"North","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318182c86e","article-title":"Radiofrequency applications to dorsal root ganglia: A literature review","volume":"109","author":"Malik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12115-0","article-title":"Radiofrequency lesioning of dorsal root ganglia for chronic lumbosacral radicular pain: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"361","author":"Geurts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2010.00307.x","article-title":"Case report: successful epiradicular peripheral nerve stimulation of the c2 dorsal root ganglion for postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"14","author":"Lynch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib112","unstructured":"Wright RE, Colliton JW. Neurostimulation of the L2 dorsal root ganglion for intractable disc pain: description of a novel technique. IFESS 3rd Annual Conference Proceedings. 1998."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib113","unstructured":"Grigsby E, Deer T, Weiner R, Wilcosky B, Kramer J. Prospective, multicenter clinical trial studying dorsal root ganglion stimulation in the treatment of back pain. North American Neuromodulation Society Annual Meeting Proceedings, 2010."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib114","unstructured":"Liem L, Verrills P. NANS, preliminary results of DRG stimulation with a novel device. 2011."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib115","unstructured":"Deer T. Results of an Acute Study of DRG Stimulation. Presented at the INS World Congress, May 2011."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib116","unstructured":"Smet I. Ultra-high frequency spinal cord stimulation abstract. NANS. 2011."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib117","unstructured":"Brown L. AAPM, results of a pilot study of a novel HFN device. 2010."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib118","unstructured":"Van Butyen N. Results of a European pilot study on a HFN device. 2010."},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib119","first-page":"137","article-title":"Chronic motor cortex stimulation for the treatment of central pain","volume":"52","author":"Tsubokawa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wein)"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1991.tb04058.x","article-title":"Treatment of thalamic pain by chronic motor cortex stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Tsubokawa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00245-6","article-title":"Motor cortex stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain: a preliminary study of 10 cases","volume":"84","author":"Carroll","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.4.0585","article-title":"Poststroke pain control by chronic motor cortex stimulation: neurological characteristics predicting a favorable response","volume":"89","author":"Katayama","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1159\/000098635","article-title":"Chronic motor cortex stimulation for central deafferentation pain: experience with bulbar pain secondary to Wallenberg syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Katayama","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib124","first-page":"54","article-title":"Treatment of deafferentation pain by chronic stimulation of the motor cortex: report of a series of 20 cases","volume":"68","author":"Nguyen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(00)00078-3","article-title":"Motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of central and neuropathic pain","volume":"31","author":"Nguyen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00062-7","article-title":"Chronic motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of central and neuropathic pain: correlations between clinical, electrophysiological and anatomical data","volume":"82","author":"Nguyen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.92.1.0150","article-title":"Motor cortex stimulation for central and peripheral deafferentation pain. Report of eight cases","volume":"92","author":"Saitoh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2001.11.3.2","article-title":"Motor cortex stimulation for deafferentation pain","volume":"11","author":"Saitoh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2001.11.3.3","article-title":"Motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic pain","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.3.0393","article-title":"Chronic motor cortex stimulation in patients with thalamic pain","volume":"78","author":"Tsubokawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01411059","article-title":"Chronic precentral stimulation in trigeminal neuropathic pain","volume":"138","author":"Ebel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib132","first-page":"150","article-title":"Motor cortex stimulation as treatment of trigeminal neuropathic pain","volume":"58","author":"Meyerson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00017-6","article-title":"Epidural electrical stimulation of the motor cortex in patients with facial neuralgia","volume":"99","author":"Rainov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000148905.75845.98","article-title":"Motor cortex stimulation for central and neuropathic facial pain: a prospective study of 10 patients and observations of enhanced sensory and motor function during stimulation","volume":"56","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib135","series-title":"Studies in Schizophrenia: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Mind-Brain Relationships","author":"Heath","year":"1954"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib136","series-title":"Hypothalamic-hypophyseal interrelationships","author":"Pool","year":"1956"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib137","first-page":"273","article-title":"Thalamic stimulation for intermittent analgesia: preliminary notes [in French]","volume":"128","author":"Mazars","year":"1973","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1973.00490270040005","article-title":"Chronic thalamic stimulation for the control of facial anesthesia dolorosa","volume":"29","author":"Hosobuchi","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1974.41.6.0740","article-title":"Stimulation of the internal capsule for relief of chronic pain","volume":"41","author":"Adams","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib140","first-page":"117","article-title":"Treatment of certain types of pain by implantable thalamic stimulators [in French]","volume":"20","author":"Mazars","year":"1974","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib141","first-page":"93","article-title":"Intermittent stimulation of nucleus ventralis posteriolateralis for intractable pain","volume":"4","author":"Mazars","year":"1975","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib142","first-page":"295","article-title":"Chronic self-stimulation of the medial posterior inferior thalamus alleviation of deafferentation pain","volume":"30","author":"Schvarcz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1980.52.4.0486","article-title":"Thalamic stimulation for neuropathic pain","volume":"52","author":"Turnbull","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib144","series-title":"Neurostimulation: an overview","first-page":"129","article-title":"Long term results of intermittent stimulation of the sensory thalamic nuclei in 67 cases of deafferent pain","author":"Siegfried","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib145","first-page":"143","article-title":"Clinical results and physiological basis of thalamic relay nucleus stimulation for relief of intractable pain with morphine tolerance","volume":"45","author":"Tsubokawa","year":"1982","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib146","series-title":"Advances in Pain Research and Therapy","first-page":"289","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the brain in the treatment of chronic pain in man","author":"Young","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.62.3.0389","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the brain in treatment of chronic pain","volume":"62","author":"Young","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"a","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1977.47.2.0178","article-title":"Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man, part I: acute administration in periaqueductal and periventricular sites","volume":"47","author":"Richardson","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"b","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1977.47.2.0184","article-title":"Pain reduction by electrical stimulation, part II: chronic self-administration in the periventricular gray matter","volume":"47","author":"Richardson","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1126\/science.301658","article-title":"Pain relief by electrical stimulation of the central gray matter in humans and its reversal by naloxone","volume":"197","author":"Hosobuchi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(76)90111-1","article-title":"Naloxone reversal of analgesia produced by brain stimulation in the human","volume":"2","author":"Adams","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1126\/science.83674","article-title":"Stimulation of human periaqueductal grey for pain relief increases immunoreactive B-endorphin in ventricular fluid","volume":"203","author":"Hosobuchi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(80)90004-4","article-title":"Tryptophan loading may reverse tolerance to opiate analgesics in humans: a preliminary report","volume":"9","author":"Hosobuchi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib154","first-page":"563","article-title":"Oral loading with L-tryptophan may augment the simultaneous release of ACTH and beta-endorphin that accompanies periaqueductal stimulation in humans","volume":"22","author":"Hosobuchi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1126\/science.663668","article-title":"Enkephalin-like material elevated in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of pain patients after analgesic focal stimulation","volume":"201","author":"Akil","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib156","series-title":"Advances in Pain Research and Therapy","first-page":"525","article-title":"Alleviation of malignant pain by electrical stimulation in the periventricular-periaqueducatal region: pain relief as related to stimulation sites","author":"Meyerson","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-197709000-00018","article-title":"Long term results of periventricular gray-self stimulation","volume":"1","author":"Richardson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib158","first-page":"150","article-title":"Alterations of immunoreactive beta-endorphin in the third ventricular fluid in response to electrical stimulation of the human periaqueductal gray matter","volume":"43","author":"Amano","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib159","first-page":"1553","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the brain for pain control in humans [in German]","volume":"86","author":"Gybels","year":"1980","journal-title":"Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib160","first-page":"289","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for severe, chronic pain","volume":"3","author":"Ray","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib161","first-page":"167","article-title":"Initial and long-term results of deep brain stimulation for chronic intractable pain","volume":"45","author":"Dieckmann","year":"1982","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib162","first-page":"173","article-title":"Results in 60 cases of deep brain stimulation for chronic intractable pain","volume":"45","author":"Plotkin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib163","first-page":"116","article-title":"Analgesia produced by stimulation of various sites in the human beta-endorphin system","volume":"45","author":"Richardson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.64.4.0543","article-title":"Subcortical electrical stimulation for control of intractable pain in humans","volume":"64","author":"Hosobuchi","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib165","series-title":"The Neurosurgery of Chronic Pain","first-page":"283","article-title":"Brain stimulation in pain","author":"Young","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199005000-00007","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for control of intractable pain in humans, present and future: a ten-year follow-up","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198712000-00017","article-title":"Treatment of chronic pain by deep brain stimulation: long term follow-up and review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Levy","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1987.tb05951.x","article-title":"Dorsal periaqueductal gray matter stimulation in humans","volume":"10","author":"Hosobuchi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib169","series-title":"Advances in Pain Research and Therapy","first-page":"541","article-title":"Comparative study of electrical stimulation of posterior thalamic nuclei, periaqueductal gray and other midline mesencephalic structures in man","author":"Mazars","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib170","series-title":"Neurological Surgery","first-page":"3739","article-title":"Intracerebral electrical stimulation for the relief of chronic pain","author":"Sweet","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2004.10.005","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for pain relief: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Bittar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.05.019","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain: long-term outcome and the incidence of insertional effect","volume":"125","author":"Hamani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(03)00036-6","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of intractable pain","volume":"14","author":"Levy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.01068.x","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for neuropathic cephalalgia","volume":"26","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh411","article-title":"Hypothalamic stimulation in chronic cluster headache: a pilot study of efficacy and mode of action","volume":"128","author":"Schoenen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2004.04001.x","article-title":"Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of chronic cluster headaches: a series report","volume":"7","author":"Franzini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-424X(09)70413-1","article-title":"Brain stimulation: current clinical indications and future prospects","volume":"57","author":"Mogilner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Suppl Clin Neurophysiol"}],"container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1525-1403.2012.00530.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715914601355?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715914601355?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T21:52:48Z","timestamp":1761083568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094715914601355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":177,"alternative-id":["S1094715914601355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-7159","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Axial Back Pain: A Review of Mechanisms, Techniques, Outcomes, and Future Advances","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00530.x","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}