{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:27:45Z","timestamp":1791329265571,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,20]],"date-time":"2011-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1316476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evolution and Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content> derived morphogen retinoic acid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>) is known to function in the regulation of tissue proliferation and differentiation. Here, we show that exogenous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> applied to late larvae of the invertebrate chordate amphioxus can reverse some differentiated states. Although treatment with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> antagonist <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>009 has no obvious effect on late larvae of amphioxus, administration of excess <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> alters the morphology of the posterior end of the body. The anus closes over, and gut contents accumulate in the hindgut. In addition, the larval tail fin regresses, although little apoptosis takes place. This fin normally consists of columnar epidermal cells, each characterized by a ciliary rootlet running all the way from an apical centriole to the base of the cell and likely contributing substantial cytoskeletal support. After a few days of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> treatment, the rootlet becomes disrupted, and the cell shape changes from columnar to cuboidal. Transmission electron microscopy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TEM<\/jats:styled-content>) shows fragments of the rootlet in the basal cytoplasm of the cuboidal cell. A major component of the ciliary rootlet in amphioxus is the protein <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>ootletin, which is encoded by a single <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>mphi<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>ootletin<\/jats:italic> gene. This gene is highly expressed in the tail epithelial cells of control larvae, but becomes downregulated after about a day of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> treatment, and the breakup of the ciliary rootlet soon follows. The effect of excess <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> on these epidermal cells of the larval tail in amphioxus is unlike posterior regression in developing zebrafish, where elevated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> signaling alters connective tissues of mesodermal origin. In contrast, however, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced closure of the amphioxus anus has parallels in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced caudal regression syndrome of mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142x.2011.00501.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,27]],"date-time":"2011-09-27T13:18:25Z","timestamp":1317129505000},"page":"427-435","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Tail regression induced by elevated retinoic acid signaling in amphioxus larvae occurs by tissue remodeling, not cell death"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Demian","family":"Koop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Division Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego  La Jolla CA 92093 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda Z.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Division Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego  La Jolla CA 92093 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davin","family":"Setiamarga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Division Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego  La Jolla CA 92093 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9nomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (UCBL, CNRS UMR5242, ENS de Lyon, INRA 1288)  Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon, 46 all\u00e9e d'Italie 69364 Lyon Cedex 07 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Division Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego  La Jolla CA 92093 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200504107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2005.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401075"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1997.0951"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.20444"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.9.2811"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.399"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00427-002-0254-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.14.1661245"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03858.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.12.2905"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2005.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050940202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.205.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(75)80149-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2010.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.6.1829","article-title":"Expression of \n                     AmphiHox\u20101 and \n                     AmphiPax\u20101 in amphioxus embryos treated with retinoic acid: insights into evolution and patterning of the chordate nerve cord and pharynx","volume":"122","author":"Holland L. 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