{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T13:00:10Z","timestamp":1792501210746,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,30]],"date-time":"2012-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evolution and Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Albinism, the reduction or loss of melanin pigment, is found in many diverse cave\u2010dwelling animals. The mechanisms responsible for loss of melanin pigment are poorly understood. In this study we use a melanogenic substrate assay to determine the position where melanin synthesis is blocked in independently evolved cave planthoppers from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>awaii and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>roatia. In this assay, substrates of enzymes responsible for melanin biosynthesis are added to fixed specimens in vitro and their ability to rescue black melanin pigmentation is determined. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010tyrosine, the first substrate in the pathway, did not produce melanin pigment, whereas <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOPA<\/jats:styled-content>, the second substrate, restored black pigment. Substrates in combination with enzyme inhibitors were used to test the possibility of additional downstream defects in the pathway. The results showed that downstream reactions leading from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOPA<\/jats:styled-content> and dopamine to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOPA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010melanin and dopamine\u2010melanin, the two types of insect melanin, are functional. It is concluded that albinism is caused by a defect in the first step of the melanin synthesis pathway in cave\u2010adapted planthoppers from widely separated parts of the world. However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>estern blots indicated that tyrosine hydroxylase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TH<\/jats:styled-content>), the only enzyme shown to operate at the first step in insects, is present in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>awaiian cave planthoppers. Thus, an unknown factor(s) operating at this step may be important in the evolution of planthopper albinism. In the cavefish <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>styanax mexicanus,<\/jats:italic> a genetic defect has also been described at the first step of melanin synthesis suggesting convergent evolution of albinism in both cave\u2010adapted insects and teleosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142x.2012.00535.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,9]],"date-time":"2012-04-09T04:06:06Z","timestamp":1333944366000},"page":"196-203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Evolution of albinism in cave planthoppers by a convergent defect in the first step of melanin biosynthesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Helena","family":"Biland\u017eija","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute  Bijeni\u010dka 54, 10000 Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"\u0106etkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute  Bijeni\u010dka 54, 10000 Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Jeffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute  Bijeni\u010dka 54, 10000 Zagreb Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Maryland  College Park MD 20742 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-8094-8_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Biology of Caves and Other Subterranean Habitats","author":"Culver D. 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