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As many as 60% of women migraineurs report an association between migraine and menstruation, and evidence suggests that estrogen withdrawal may be a trigger for menstrual migraine in susceptible women. Moreover, in the majority of women, migraine frequency increases during the pill\u2010free interval with oral contraceptive use and during the postpartum period, which are other times of decreasing estrogen levels. Migraine frequency tends to decrease during periods of increasing or stable estrogen levels. For these reasons, the numerous neuroendocrine effects elicited by estrogen have been evaluated to explain its role in migraine. Overall, estrogen appears to be a key factor in menstrual migraine, but it is likely to be only one of several factors that act in concert to trigger migraine in susceptible women. Understanding the relationship of the different hormonal milieus through the natural course of women's lives can guide diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00554.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,13]],"date-time":"2006-10-13T20:52:36Z","timestamp":1160772756000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Hormonal Changes Throughout Life in Women"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Howard A.","family":"Zacur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.4501001.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)91558-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001703-199706000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000133134.68143.2E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2003.00480.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.81.4.1495"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2000.00034.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1996.1601011.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.22.4.355"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.21.8.853"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The international classification of headache disorders","volume":"24","author":"International Headache Society","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Sex hormones and headache 1999 (menstrual migraine)","volume":"53","author":"Silberstein S","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(72)90185-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106634"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Contraception during lactation","volume":"37","author":"Zacur HA","year":"1992","journal-title":"Contemporary Ob\/Gyn"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","first-page":"1597","volume-title":"Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","author":"Loose\u2010Mitchell DS","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1996.3606367.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(95)00985-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(93)90121-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00309.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2005.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","first-page":"365","article-title":"Antagonism of dopamine supersensitivity by estrogen: Neurochemical studies in an animal model of tardive dyskinesia","volume":"16","author":"Gordon JH","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90809-4"}],"container-title":["Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1526-4610.2006.00554.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00554.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:39:27Z","timestamp":1762072767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00554.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"s2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00554.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00554.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-8748","1526-4610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-8748","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4610","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}}}