{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:42:35Z","timestamp":1791902555742,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,13]],"date-time":"2007-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1171324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Several pain conditions localized to the craniofacial region show a remarkable sex\u2010related difference in their prevalence. These conditions include temporomandibular disorders and burning mouth syndrome as well as tension\u2010type, migraine, and cluster headaches. The mechanisms that underlie sex\u2010related differences in the prevalence of these craniofacial pain conditions remain obscure and likely involve both physiological and psychosocial factors. In terms of physiological factors relevant to the development of headache, direct evidence of sex\u2010related differences in the properties of dural afferent fibers or durally activated second\u2010order trigeminal sensory neurons has yet to be provided. There is, however, evidence for sex\u2010related differences in the response properties of afferent fibers and second\u2010order trigeminal sensory neurons that convey nociceptive input from other craniofacial tissues associated with sex\u2010related differences in chronic pain conditions, such as those that innervate the masseter muscle and temporomandibular joint. Further, modulation of craniofacial nociceptive input by opioidergic receptor mechanisms appears to be dependent on biological sex. Research into mechanisms that may contribute to sex\u2010related differences in trigeminal nociceptive processing has primarily focused on effect of the female sex hormone estrogen, which appears to alter the excitability of trigeminal afferent fibers and sensory neurons to noxious stimulation of craniofacial tissues. This article discusses current knowledge of potential physiological mechanisms that could contribute to sex\u2010related differences in certain craniofacial pain conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00708.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,13]],"date-time":"2007-02-13T23:29:45Z","timestamp":1171409385000},"page":"319-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["The Influence of Gender and Sex Steroids on Craniofacial Nociception"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Brian E.","family":"Cairns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411970080030401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Orofacial Pain: From Basic Science to Clinical Management","author":"LeResche 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