{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:18:48Z","timestamp":1793945928464,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,6]],"date-time":"2005-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1118016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Summary:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Bipolar, or manic\u2013depressive, disorders are frequent and severe mental illnesses associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Epilepsy and bipolar disorder could probably share some aspects of pathophysiology because manic as well as depressive symptoms are seen in patients with seizures, and a number of antiepileptic drugs are effectively used in the acute and prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder. Epidemiologic research suggests a dimensional composition of bipolar illness at the population level. Apart from the DSM\u2010IV diagnostic features of bipolar I (mania and depression) and bipolar II (hypomania and depression), the concept of bipolar spectrum disorders comprises a range of bipolar conditions with less obvious manifestations with estimated lifetime prevalence rates ranging from 2.8 to 6.5%. Expanding the definition of bipolar II disorders shows that half of the patients currently diagnosed with a unipolar depressive episode could suffer from unrecognized bipolar II disorder, and about the same number of mild depressive patients could be minor bipolars. Research efforts to refine the diagnostic criteria of bipolar disorder aim at an earlier and complete recognition of the disease to provide appropriate pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment early in the course of the illness to anticipate individual suffering, suicidal behavior, and increased socioeconomic costs for society. This article also discusses risk factors, comorbid conditions, course of illness, as well as the individual and socioeconomic impact of bipolar disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    The findings suggest reconceptualizing bipolar illnesses as highly recurrent, malignant disorders that occur far more frequently than previously thought. Interdisciplinary knowledge transfer could help to increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders as well as provide grounds for better recognition and treatment of patients with manic and\/or depressive symptoms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.463003.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,29]],"date-time":"2010-07-29T08:24:47Z","timestamp":1280391887000},"page":"8-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Epidemiology of Bipolar Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Bauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pfennig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","volume-title":"The ICD\u201010 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760080077013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.9.914"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07450-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.276.4.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-003-0682-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Schizophrene und affektive Stoerungen","author":"Wittchen HU","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770350030002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198507)41:4<469::AID-JCLP2270410405>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.264.19.2511"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Psychiatric disorders in America","author":"Weissman MM","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1991.tb03118.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","first-page":"187","article-title":"Heritable factors in the severity of affective illness","volume":"123","author":"Dunner DL","year":"1970","journal-title":"Sci Pro Am Psychiatric Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(81)90049-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4S","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199604001-00002","article-title":"The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM\u2010IV","volume":"16","author":"Akiskal HS","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03372.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00056-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00142-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00322-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00203-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00158-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","first-page":"896","article-title":"Bipolar spectrum disorders: new perspectives","volume":"48","author":"Piver A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"Bipolar disorder: diagnostic challenges and treatment considerations","volume":"61","author":"Evans DL","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622970009150569"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0111"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005333"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00332-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(97)00016-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00006-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000370"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.49.1.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00978-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00183-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01744-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01080-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00138-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01084-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.22.13290"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2002.01217.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2000.020201.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-45133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(99)00014-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.5.5.587"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.20013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(88)90023-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00111-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.5.497"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1399-5618.2003.00089.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(03)00036-4"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_6_54_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"The longitudinal course of bipolar disorder","volume":"61","author":"Suppes T","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_2","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Bipolar affective disorders","author":"Walden J","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(95)00080-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(01)00398-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s4.4.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1059-1311(02)00192-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01372-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v63n0206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00175-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_2","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Bipolar disorder in childhood and early adolescence","author":"Geller B","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_2","first-page":"174","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of mania in the elderly","volume":"60","author":"McDonald WM","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull Menninger Clin"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.12.1","article-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"151","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2003.00030.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01239-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_2","volume-title":"Manic\u2010depressive illness","author":"Goodwin FK","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000056260"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(03)00052-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(01)00430-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229809000321"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.2.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_2","first-page":"91","article-title":"Women and bipolar disorder across the life span","volume":"59","author":"Sit D","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Med Womens Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00163-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00129-9"},{"issue":"25","key":"e_1_2_6_77_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Identifying and managing suicide risk in bipolar patients","volume":"62","author":"Oquendo MA","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008375"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00295-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0503"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200317070-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.262.7.914"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(97)00030-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_2","volume-title":"Evidence report on treatment of depression: newer pharmacotherapies: San Antonio Evidence\u2010Based Practice Center","author":"AHCPR (Agency for Health Care Policy and Research)","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610200006177"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/depr.3050030406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_2","unstructured":"RungeC GrunzeH.Bipolare St\u00f6rungen in Deutschland: eine Krankheitskostenstudie f\u00fcr das Jahr 2002. Gemeinsame Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Bipolare St\u00f6rungen e.V.(DGBS) und der International Group for the Study of Lithium\u2010Treated Patients e.V.(IGSLI) Abstractband2003 22."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00789056","article-title":"An economic evaluation of manic\u2010depressive illness: 1991","volume":"30","author":"Wyatt RJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.3.379"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(97)00099-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00310-4"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2005.463003.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.463003.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T21:15:44Z","timestamp":1695762944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.463003.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"s4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.463003.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.463003.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9580","1528-1167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-1167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}}}