{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T21:36:02Z","timestamp":1782423362785,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]],"date-time":"2008-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title><jats:sc>Summary<\/jats:sc><\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:bold>Wind turbines are known to produce shadow flicker by interruption of sunlight by the turbine blades. Known parameters of the seizure provoking effect of flicker, i.e., contrast, frequency, mark\u2010space ratio, retinal area stimulated and percentage of visual cortex involved were applied to wind turbine features. The proportion of patients affected by viewing wind turbines expressed as distance in multiples of the hub height of the turbine showed that seizure risk does not decrease significantly until the distance exceeds 100 times the hub height.<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:bold>Since risk does not diminish with viewing distance, flash frequency is therefore the critical factor and should be kept to a maximum of three per second, i.e., sixty revolutions per minute for a three\u2010bladed turbine. On wind farms the shadows cast by one turbine on another should not be viewable by the public if the cumulative flash rate exceeds three per second. Turbine blades should not be reflective.<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01563.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]],"date-time":"2008-04-04T17:48:17Z","timestamp":1207331297000},"page":"1095-1098","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Wind turbines, flicker, and photosensitive epilepsy: Characterizing the flashing that may precipitate seizures and optimizing guidelines to prevent them"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Graham","family":"Harding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5594\/J15330"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","article-title":"A case of shadow flicker\/flashing: assessment and solution","author":"Clarke AD","journal-title":"Techno Policy Group, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.43.000097"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120601021457"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/266554a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"survey of photosensitivity and seizures induced by electronic screen games (video games, console games, computer games)","author":"Fish DR","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.1966.tb06262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","volume-title":"Photosensitive epilepsy","author":"Harding GFA","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01235.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"306","article-title":"Flicker as a helicopter pilot problem","volume":"34","author":"Johnson LC","year":"1963","journal-title":"Aerosp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"VerkuijlenE WestraCA. (1984)Shadow hindrance by wind turbines.Proceedings of the European wind Energy Conference. October 1984 Hamburg Germany."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.01405.x"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2008.01563.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01563.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T04:54:07Z","timestamp":1697086447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01563.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01563.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01563.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9580","1528-1167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-1167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]]}}}