{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:01:40Z","timestamp":1787014900486,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,13]],"date-time":"2006-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1139788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Oral naltrexone is effective in the treatment of alcohol dependence; however, a major limitation of its clinical utility is poor patient adherence to the daily dosing schedule. A biodegradable, long\u2010acting naltrexone microsphere formulation was developed to achieve continuous naltrexone exposure for 1 month in the treatment of alcohol dependence.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The single\u2010 and multiple\u2010dose safety and pharmacokinetics of a long\u2010acting naltrexone microsphere preparation were evaluated in healthy subjects. One group of subjects (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =28) received a single dose of oral naltrexone 50 mg followed by a single gluteal intramuscular (IM) injection of long\u2010acting naltrexone 190 or 380 mg or placebo. A different group of subjects (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =14) received oral naltrexone 50 mg daily for 5 days, followed by IM long\u2010acting naltrexone 380 mg or placebo every 28 days for a total of 4 doses. A 7\u2010day washout period separated oral and IM administrations. Blood samples were collected to determine plasma concentrations of naltrexone and the primary metabolite, 6\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010naltrexol.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    After a single IM injection of long\u2010acting naltrexone 380 mg, naltrexone plasma concentrations were measurable in all subjects for at least 31 days postdose. The pharmacokinetics were proportional to the dose and multiple dose observations were consistent with single dose observations. Mean apparent elimination half\u2010lives for naltrexone and 6\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010naltrexol ranged from 5 to 7 days. Exposure to 6\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010naltrexol was reduced with IM injection compared with that oral administration. No serious adverse events occurred.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study demonstrated that the long\u2010acting naltrexone formulation was well tolerated, displayed predictable pharmacokinetics, and resulted in no meaningful drug accumulation upon multiple dosing. Intramuscular administration avoids first\u2010pass metabolism and changes the exposure ratio of 6\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010naltrexol to naltrexone compared with oral administration. By providing continuous exposure to naltrexone for several weeks following IM injection, this long\u2010acting naltrexone formulation may offer therapeutic benefit to those patients who experience difficulty adhering to the daily administration schedule necessitated by oral naltrexone therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00052.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,13]],"date-time":"2006-02-13T13:18:47Z","timestamp":1139836727000},"page":"480-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Single\u2010 and Multiple\u2010Dose Pharmacokinetics of Long\u2010acting Injectable Naltrexone"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Joi L.","family":"Dunbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan 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