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However, cytokines impact a variety of tissues in a complex manner that regulates inflammation, cell death, and cell proliferation and migration as well as healing mechanisms. Ethanol (alcohol) is known to alter cytokine levels in a variety of tissues including plasma, lung, liver, and brain. Studies on human monocyte responses to pathogens reveal ethanol disruption of cytokine production depending upon the pathogen and duration of alcohol consumption, with multiple pathogens and chronic ethanol promoting inflammatory cytokine production. In lung, cytokine production is disrupted by ethanol exacerbating respiratory distress syndrome with greatly increased expression of transforming growth factor <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> (TGF<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>). Alcoholic liver disease involves an inflammatory hepatitis and an exaggerated Th1 response with increases in tumor necrosis factor <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> (TNF<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>). Recent studies suggest that the transition from Th1 to Th2 cytokines contribute to hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Cytokines affect the brain and likely contribute to changes in the central nervous system that contribute to long\u2010term changes in behavior and neurodegeneration. Together these studies suggest that ethanol disruption of cytokines and inflammation contribute in multiple ways to a diversity of alcoholic pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00084.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,29]],"date-time":"2006-03-29T15:40:26Z","timestamp":1143646826000},"page":"720-730","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":354,"title":["Cytokines and Alcohol"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Fulton T.","family":"Crews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabih","family":"Bechara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lou Ann","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David 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