{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T02:48:59Z","timestamp":1778208539677,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,25]],"date-time":"2006-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background: <\/jats:bold> Heart rate (HR) acceleration during the ascending limb of the blood alcohol curve has proven to be a reliable measure of the sensitivity to the activating effects of alcohol. In this study, we investigated the correlation between an ethanol\u2010induced cardiac change and the strength of implicit alcohol\u2010related arousal and approach associations and attentional bias for alcohol\u2010related stimuli in heavy drinkers. These 3 types of implicit alcohol\u2010related cognitions have been proposed to reflect the strength of incentive sensitization that is experienced after repeated alcohol use.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods: <\/jats:bold> Forty\u2010eight heavy drinking men performed a modified version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure their implicit alcohol arousal and approach\u2013avoidance associations. A modified version of the emotional Stroop was used to measure attentional bias for alcohol\u2010related stimuli (blocked and unblocked). Next, a high dose of alcohol (1.0 mL\/kg body weight 95% USP alcohol) was administered in a short period of time. Resting baseline HR, blood alcohol concentrations, mood, and craving for alcohol were assessed before alcohol administration and for 2 hours post\u2013alcohol consumption.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results: <\/jats:bold> Contrary to our hypothesis, a negative association was found between implicit arousal associations and alcohol\u2010induced HR change. This indicates that strong arousal associations were correlated with a decrease in alcohol\u2010induced HR. Approach associations and attentional bias were not correlated with alcohol\u2010induced HR change, but both were correlated positively with each other.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions: <\/jats:bold> Alcohol\u2010arousal associations and other implicit cognitions (attentional bias, approach associations) are not positively related to individual differences in the sensitivity to alcohol's activating effects, at least not in the present sample consisting primarily of family history\u2010negative heavy drinkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00161.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,25]],"date-time":"2006-07-25T17:25:18Z","timestamp":1153848318000},"page":"1336-1348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Is the Strength of Implicit Alcohol Associations Correlated with Alcohol\u2010induced Heart\u2010rate Acceleration?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Esther","family":"Van Den Wildenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margreet","family":"Beckers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Femke","family":"Van Lambaart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia J.","family":"Conrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reinout W.","family":"Wiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Experimental Run Time System (ERTS), Version 3.18","author":"Beringer J","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory","author":"Berridge KC","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"587","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population","volume":"33","author":"Bijl R","year":"1998","journal-title":"results of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"631","article-title":"Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self\u2010esteem","volume":"79","author":"Bosson JK","year":"2000","journal-title":"the blind men and the elephant revisited?"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412976237.n10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000117859.23567.2E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100741"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03742.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agg010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.3.443","article-title":"The addiction\u2010Stroop test","volume":"132","author":"Cox WM","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00186-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2004.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Biphasic stimulant and sedative effects of ethanol","volume":"28","author":"Erblich J","year":"2003","journal-title":"are children of alcoholics really different?"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Implicit measures in social cognition research","volume":"54","author":"Fazio RH","year":"2003","journal-title":"their meaning and uses"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089109062153"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"563","article-title":"Drug craving and addiction","volume":"27","author":"Franken IH","year":"2003","journal-title":"integrating psychological and neuropsychopharmacological approaches"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000113420.28472.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10332-010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism","author":"Goldman MS","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"1464","article-title":"Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition","volume":"74","author":"Greenwald AG","year":"1998","journal-title":"the implicit association test"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test","volume":"85","author":"Greenwald AG","year":"2003","journal-title":"I. 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