{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T03:01:41Z","timestamp":1773716501627,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,11]],"date-time":"2006-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1160524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background: <\/jats:bold> Carbohydrate\u2010deficient transferrin (CDT) occurs as a higher percentage of normal transferrin (%CDT) in heavy drinkers. %CDT is used as a marker of both alcohol use disorder severity and treatment outcome both clinically and in treatment trials. Nevertheless, little is known about the parameters that predict which patients are %CDT positives at treatment entry. These parameters might include level of drinking, days of abstinence before testing, and severity of alcohol dependence before evaluation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods: <\/jats:bold> %CDT levels were collected before randomization from participants of the COMBINE Study, a large federally sponsored multisite clinical trial evaluating medications and behavioral therapies in alcohol\u2010dependent outpatients. %CDT (assayed in a central laboratory) was available in 1,193 individuals for whom drinking history in the 30 days before testing and measures of alcoholism severity were documented. The effects of drinking history and alcohol severity were evaluated for prediction of a %CDT\u2010positive test status.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results: <\/jats:bold> Less percent days abstinent (PDA) and more drinks per drinking day (DDD) were predictive of higher rates of %CDT\u2010positive patients (maximum 67%). Up to 14 days of continuous abstinence before testing did not appear to significantly affect %CDT status. Rates of %CDT positives remained reasonably steady up to about 40% PDA. Years of drinking at dependence levels had an unexpected negative impact on %CDT\u2010positive rates while previous treatment had a small but positive impact of %CDT\u2010positive rates. ADS and DrInC scores had no predictive value over and above recent drinking amounts on %CDT status.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions: <\/jats:bold> %CDT is more likely to be positive in those who have more days of drinking and to a lesser degree in those who drink more per drinking day. It can remain positive even in those alcoholic subjects who stop drinking many days before testing. Alcoholic subjects with more treatment experiences appear to have a marginally higher %CDT\u2010positive rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00225.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,11]],"date-time":"2006-10-11T19:21:04Z","timestamp":1160594464000},"page":"1878-1883","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Factors Affecting %CDT Status at Entry Into a Multisite Clinical Treatment Trial: Experience from the COMBINE Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Raymond F.","family":"Anton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marston","family":"Youngblood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Categorical Data Analysis","author":"Agresti A","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"1657","article-title":"Measuring outcome in interventions for alcohol dependence and problem drinking","volume":"27","author":"Allen JP","year":"2003","journal-title":"executive summary of a conference sponsored by the national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03756.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(00)00144-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02325.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"1769","article-title":"Comparison of Bio\u2010Rad %CDT TIA and CDTect as laboratory markers of heavy alcohol use and their relationship with \u03b3\u2010glutamyltransferase","volume":"47","author":"Anton RF","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) and gamma\u2010glutamyltransferase for the detection and monitoring of alcoholics","volume":"26","author":"Anton RF","year":"2002","journal-title":"results from a multisite study"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb05261.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"2003","article-title":"Combine study research group combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence","volume":"295","author":"Anton RF","year":"2006","journal-title":"the COMBINE study: a randomized controlled trial"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03935.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"961","article-title":"Detection of replases in alcohol\u2010dependent patients using carbohydrate\u2010deficient transferrin","volume":"19","author":"Borg S","year":"1995","journal-title":"improvement with individualized reference levels during long-term monitoring"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000139815.89794.BE"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/36.3.266"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Biological markers in alcoholism","volume":"66","author":"Helander A","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Carbohydrate\u2010deficient transferrin and alcohol dependency","volume":"21","author":"Huseby N","year":"1997","journal-title":"variation in response to alcohol intake among different groups of patients"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.5.595"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1359-6357.2003.00582.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Carbohydrate\u2010deficient transferrin as a marker of alcohol intake","volume":"31","author":"Lesch OM","year":"1996","journal-title":"a study with healthy subjects"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"Form 90: A Structured Assessment Interview for Drinking and Related Behaviors. 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