{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:57:27Z","timestamp":1789736247807,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,15]],"date-time":"2006-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1166140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    HIV\u20101 infection commonly leads to serious HIV\u20101\u2013associated neurological disorders, such as HIV\u20101\u2013associated encephalopathy and dementia. In addition, alcohol is commonly used and\/or abused among AIDS patients, but it is unclear whether alcohol affects the disease progression and if it affects it, how this occurs. We hypothesized that alcohol could affect the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) integrity and thus could affect the onset and\/or progression of HIV\u2010associated neurological disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) in a BBB model system were pretreated with alcohol (17 and 68 mM) and subsequently coexposed with HIV\u20101 gp120. Expression of chemokine receptors CCR3, CCR5, and CXCR4 was assessed by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay and real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction. Changes in the permeability of the HBMEC monolayer were assessed using paracellular markers [\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H]inulin or propidium iodide. Actin rearrangements in HBMEC were visualized by fluorescence microscopy and viability assessed using Live\/Dead\n                    <jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup>\n                    stain.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Both gp120 and alcohol increased the permeability of the BBB model by up to 141%, without affecting HBMEC viability. Cotreatment with alcohol and gp120 did not result in a significant synergistic effect. Gp120 permeability involved chemokine receptor CCR5. Alcohol did not affect chemokine receptor expression on brain endothelial cells. Both gp120 and alcohol reorganized the cytoskeleton and induced stress fiber formation. Inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation through NADPH blocked the effects of both gp120 and alcohol on permeability and stress fiber formation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    These results indicate that both HIV\u20101 gp120 and alcohol induce stress fibers, causing increased permeability of the human BBB endothelium. Alcohol (68 mM)\u2010mediated permeability increase was linked to ROS formation. The alcohol\u2010mediated physiological changes in the HBMEC monolayers may increase diffusion of plasma components and viral penetration across the BBB. This suggests that alcohol, especially at levels attained in heavy drinkers, can potentially contribute in a negative fashion to HIV\u20101 neuropathogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00271.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,15]],"date-time":"2006-12-15T03:41:24Z","timestamp":1166154084000},"page":"130-137","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["HIV\u20101 gp120 as Well as Alcohol Affect Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Permeability and Stress Fiber Formation: Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Carlum","family":"Shiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Barbier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francescopaolo 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