{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T17:09:24Z","timestamp":1767373764518},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,10]],"date-time":"2007-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1168387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background: <\/jats:bold> Two of the class I alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes located on chromosome 4 (ADH1B and ADH1C) encode for multiple isozymes that differ in their kinetic properties. At the <jats:italic>ADH1B<\/jats:italic> locus, 3 polymorphisms are present (<jats:italic>ADH1B<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ADH1B<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ADH1B<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>3<\/jats:italic>). <jats:italic>ADH1B<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>2<\/jats:italic> (found mostly in individuals of East Asian and Jewish descent) and <jats:italic>ADH1B<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>3<\/jats:italic> (found mostly in individuals of African decent) alleles encode for a more active enzyme variants than <jats:italic>ADH1B<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>1<\/jats:italic> and the presence of these alleles has been associated with protection from alcohol dependence. The relationship between these alleles and alcohol\u2010associated phenotypes has not been previously investigated in individuals living in the Caribbean.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods: <\/jats:bold> One hundred thirty\u2010three alcohol\u2010dependent individuals of either East Indian or African ancestry and 98 controls matched by age, sex, education, and ethnicity participated in the study. A structured interview [the Semi\u2010Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA)] was used to gather information on demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, personal drinking, and drug use history. Leukocyte DNA extracted from a blood sample obtained from each participant was genotyped at the ADH1B locus. Serum levels of the liver enzymes alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2010glutamyl transferase (GGT) as well as the presence of HIV, hepatitis B surface antigen, and antihepatitis C virus antibody were also assayed. The specific aim of the study was to investigate the associations between <jats:italic>ADH1B<\/jats:italic> alleles and alcohol dependence, drinking history, and liver function in individuals from the 2 major ethnic groups of Trinidad (individuals of African and East Indian ancestry).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results: <\/jats:bold> Twenty\u2010eight of the Afro\u2010Trinidadian (Afro\u2010TT) participants (41%) and 1 Indo\u2010Trinidadian (Indo\u2010TT) (&gt;1%) had at least 1 <jats:italic>ADH1B<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>3<\/jats:italic> allele and 3 Afro\u2010TT were homozygous for the allele. African participants with at least 1 <jats:italic>ADH1B<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>3<\/jats:italic> allele were found to be significantly less likely to be alcohol dependent (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.018), and to have lower alcohol consumption levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05). Among those participants who were alcohol dependent, <jats:italic>ADH1B<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>3<\/jats:italic> was associated with significantly higher levels of ALT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions: <\/jats:bold> This study suggests, in this sample of Trinidadians, that the <jats:italic>ADH1B<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>3<\/jats:italic> allele is associated with protection from the development of alcoholism but is also associated with enhanced risk for elevated serum ALT levels in those individuals who do become alcohol dependent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00298.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,10]],"date-time":"2007-01-10T10:14:49Z","timestamp":1168424089000},"page":"216-220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Association of the <i>ADHIB<sup>*<\/sup>3<\/i> Allele With Alcohol\u2010Related Phenotypes in Trinidad"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Cindy 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