{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T21:48:26Z","timestamp":1764193706706},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,18]],"date-time":"2007-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1169078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background: <\/jats:bold> The effects of in utero alcohol exposure on the immune function of the newborn remain under investigation. Fetal ethanol (ETOH) exposure increases oxidative stress in the developing lung, in part due to decreased availability of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). We have previously shown that in utero ETOH impairs alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and viability in the premature pup, while maintaining GSH availability with maternal supplementation of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\u2010adenosyl\u2010methionine (SAM) during ETOH ingestion improves macrophage function and viability. We hypothesized that dysfunction of the neonatal alveolar macrophage exposed to ETOH in utero would persist at term gestation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods: <\/jats:bold> Using a guinea\u2010pig model of fetal ETOH exposure, timed\u2010pregnant guinea\u2010pigs were pair\u2010fed ETOH\u00b1the GSH precursor SAM and the diet continued until spontaneous delivery. Term alveolar macrophages were evaluated using fluorescent microscopy for phagocytosis and apoptosis after in vitro incubation with <jats:italic>Staphalococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>. Using an in vivo model of intranasal <jats:italic>Staph. aureus<\/jats:italic> inoculation, the in vivo function of the term alveolar macrophage was also investigated using confocal fluorescent analysis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results: <\/jats:bold> In utero ETOH exposure increased oxidant stress in the alveolar macrophage and decreased phagocytosis and viability in vitro and in vivo. Confocal analysis of phagocytosis in vivo demonstrated a marked impairment of internalization of the bacteria by the ETOH\u2010exposed alveolar macrophage. The addition of SAM during maternal ETOH ingestion prevented loss of alveolar macrophage function and viability in vitro and in vivo.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions: <\/jats:bold> In utero ETOH exposure impairs alveolar macrophage function and viability in vitro and in vivo even at term gestation. The ETOH\u2010induced changes in macrophage function and viability can be ablated with maternal SAM supplementation. Further investigations are required to identify the mechanisms of ETOH\u2010induced derangement of phagocytosis in the neonatal alveolar macrophage and the clinical ramifications of altered immune function after in utero alcohol exposure for the newborn.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00306.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,18]],"date-time":"2007-01-18T22:36:19Z","timestamp":1169159779000},"page":"308-316","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["In Vivo Dysfunction of the Term Alveolar Macrophage After in Utero Ethanol Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Xiao\u2010Du","family":"Ping","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank L.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lou Ann S.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa W.","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(95)00021-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"569","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to ethanol in rats","volume":"14","author":"Addolorato G","year":"1997","journal-title":"effects on liver energy level and antioxidant status in mothers, fetuses, and newborns"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"Neonatal early onset Escherichia\n                  coli sepsis","volume":"23","author":"Alarcon A","year":"2004","journal-title":"trends in incidence and antimicrobial resistance in the era of intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh034"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(96)00027-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"249","article-title":"Recent developments in alcoholism","volume":"11","author":"Baker RC","year":"1993","journal-title":"immunological aspects"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1987.tb01303.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950191140"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03969.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis","volume":"83","author":"Bracci R","year":"2003","journal-title":"a risk factor for fetal and neonatal morbidity"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"1078","article-title":"Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on alveolar type II cell","volume":"25","author":"Brown LA","year":"2001","journal-title":"glutathione and inflammatory mediator-induced apoptosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Chronic ethanol ingestion and the risk of acute lung injury","volume":"33","author":"Brown LA","year":"2004","journal-title":"a role for glutathione availability?"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000082623"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Enteric gram\u2010negative bacilli bloodstream infections","volume":"32","author":"Cordero L","year":"2004","journal-title":"17 years' experience in a neonatal intensive care unit"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000128782.20060.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.2045-2051.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"648","article-title":"Effect of ethanol on rat fetal hepatocytes","volume":"18","author":"Devi BG","year":"1993","journal-title":"studies on cell replication, lipid peroxidation and glutathione"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","first-page":"1436","article-title":"Effect of acute ethanol exposure on cultured fetal rat hepatocytes","volume":"18","author":"Devi BG","year":"1994","journal-title":"relation to mitochondrial function"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.13.2.85.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(02)02588-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00249-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00089-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.2.353"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","first-page":"L102","article-title":"Protection of alveolar macrophages from hyperoxia by gamma\u2010glutamyl transpeptidase","volume":"259","author":"Forman HJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000167956.28160.5E"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2004.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000149108.44152.D3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1997.tb04474.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04177.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","first-page":"822","article-title":"Immune function in offspring of nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina) exposed weekly to 1.8 g\/kg ethanol during pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Grossmann A","year":"1993","journal-title":"preliminary observations"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.suppl_1.82S"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.5.1172"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02019.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","first-page":"160","article-title":"Glutathione metabolism in newborns","volume":"20","author":"Jain A","year":"1995","journal-title":"evidence for glutathione deficiency in plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lymphocytes in prematures"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03665.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198106000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Hippocampal nitric oxide synthase in the fetal guinea pig","volume":"106","author":"Kimura KA","year":"1998","journal-title":"effects of chronic prenatal ethanol exposure"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb05276.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00407.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"The ontogeny of pulmonary defenses","volume":"23","author":"Kurland G","year":"1988","journal-title":"alveolar macrophage function in neonatal and juvenile rhesus monkeys"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/371346a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","first-page":"309","article-title":"The Maternal Lifestyle Study","volume":"107","author":"Lester BM","year":"2001","journal-title":"drug use by meconium toxicology and maternal self-report"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","first-page":"1142","article-title":"Failure to recognize fetal alcohol syndrome in newborn infants","volume":"144","author":"Little BB","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01902148809064184"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70099-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199607)168:1<26::AID-JCP4>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1998.1420"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","first-page":"97S","article-title":"The effect of chronic alcohol abuse on the incidence of ARDS and the severity of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in adults with septic shock","volume":"116","author":"Moss M","year":"1999","journal-title":"an interim and multivariate analysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri744"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5347-2_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb04294.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.13.4.7546773"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Role of S\u2010adenosyl\u2010l\u2010methionine in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Purohit V","year":"2002","journal-title":"introduction and summary of the symposium"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.1.438"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-2993(11)80077-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.4.818"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199309000-00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.3.1515","article-title":"Macrophage inflammatory protein\u20101 alpha mediates lung leukocyte recruitment, lung capillary leak, and early mortality in murine endotoxemia","volume":"155","author":"Standiford TJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/34.6.830"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01487.x"}],"container-title":["Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1530-0277.2006.00306.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00306.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T10:50:48Z","timestamp":1697453448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00306.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,18]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00306.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00306.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-6008","1530-0277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-6008","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,18]]}}}