{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:38:15Z","timestamp":1777588695933,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,5]],"date-time":"2007-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background: <\/jats:bold> Prenatal exposure to alcohol can result in a spectrum of adverse developmental outcomes in offspring, collectively termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Deficits in executive function\u2014the psychological processes involved in controlling voluntary goal\u2010oriented behavior\u2014are prevalent in FASD. Oculomotor tasks have been designed as highly sensitive tools to evaluate components of executive function. Because of the extensive overlap in the brain areas controlling eye movements and those affected in FASD, we hypothesized that individuals with FASD display specific neurobehavioral abnormalities that can be quantified with eye movement testing.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods: <\/jats:bold> Subjects (8\u201312 years old) were instructed to look either toward (prosaccade) or away from (antisaccade) a stimulus that appeared in the peripheral visual field. Two fixation conditions were used. In the gap condition, the central fixation point (FP) was removed before the appearance of the peripheral stimulus; in the overlap condition, the FP remained illuminated. Saccadic reaction times (SRTs, time from stimulus appearance to saccade initiation), direction errors (saccades made in the incorrect direction relative to instruction), and express saccades (short\u2010latency: SRT=90\u2013140 ms) were measured to assess automatic and volitional saccade control.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results: <\/jats:bold> Compared with controls, FASD children had elongated reaction times, excessive direction errors, and no express saccades. Metric analysis of correct prosaccades revealed a trend toward increased saccadic duration and decreased saccadic velocity in FASD subjects.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion: <\/jats:bold> These results reflect deficits in executive function and motor control, and are consistent with dysfunction of the frontal lobes, possibly due to disrupted inhibitory mechanisms. Therefore, eye movement tasks may be powerful and easy tools for assessing executive function deficits in FASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00335.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,5]],"date-time":"2007-02-05T22:06:09Z","timestamp":1170713169000},"page":"500-511","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Deficits in Eye Movement Control in Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Courtney R.","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Nikkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James N.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"956","article-title":"A neuropsychological examination of the underlying deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"34","author":"Aman CJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"frontal lobe versus right parietal lobe theories"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1569-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"400","article-title":"Diagnosing the full spectrum of fetal alcohol\u2010exposed individuals","volume":"35","author":"Astley SJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"introducing the 4-digit diagnostic code"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04078.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04381.2001","article-title":"Chronic prenatal ethanol exposure increases GABA(A) receptor subunit protein expression in the adult guinea pig cerebral cortex","volume":"21","author":"Bailey CD","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210100890"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"172","author":"Chudley AE","year":"2005","journal-title":"Canadian guidelines for diagnosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197805112981906"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03743.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj140"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532694204Connor"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.6.1573"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228704"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"2191","article-title":"Muscimol\u2010induced inactivation of monkey frontal eye field","volume":"81","author":"Dias EC","year":"1999","journal-title":"effects on visually and memory-guided saccades"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-21-08566.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00094-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Human express saccades","volume":"57","author":"Fischer B","year":"1984","journal-title":"extremely short reaction times of goal directed eye movements"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(00)00224-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050557"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","unstructured":"GreenCR MunozDP ReynoldsJN(2004) Evaluation of saccadic eye movement as a new diagnostic tool for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). 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