{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T02:04:49Z","timestamp":1772762689398,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1181347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background: <\/jats:bold> We evaluated the effects of driving under the influence (DUI) mandatory preconviction and postconviction drivers' license suspension laws in each of 46 U.S. states using 1 to 2 decades of long\u2010term follow\u2010up data on fatal car crashes. State\u2010specific results were combined using meta\u2010analytic techniques, and provide a direct test of the concept of celerity\u2014time between offending behavior and consequent punishment\u2014from deterrence theory.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods: <\/jats:bold> Four key outcome measures of monthly fatal alcohol\u2010related crash involvement were examined using data from January 1976 through December 2002: single\u2010vehicle nighttime, breath or blood alcohol concentration (BAC)=0.01 to 0.07, BAC=0.08 to 0.14, and BAC\u22650.15 g\/dL. Missing BAC test data for some individual cases were filled using multiple imputation methods, and consequent increases in standard errors were incorporated into subsequent analyses. Separate ARIMA models were estimated for each state, including controls for state\u2010specific levels of crash involvement over time due to other factors and effects of other major DUI countermeasures. Estimates were pooled across states using inverse variance weighting methods.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results: <\/jats:bold> Administrative or preconviction drivers license suspension policies have statistically significant and substantively important effects in reducing alcohol\u2010related fatal crash involvement by 5%, representing at least 800 lives saved per year in the United States. Moreover, these laws have similar effects on drivers at all drinking levels\u2014from lower\u2010risk drivers below the legal alcohol limit to drivers at extreme levels of intoxication. In clear contrast, postconviction license suspension policies have no discernable effects.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions: <\/jats:bold> The effectiveness of a deterrence policy appears to be more strongly affected by celerity\u2014the speed by which punishment is applied after the offending behavior\u2014than by the high severity of the penalty. This finding could be fruitfully applied to other areas of alcohol control policy and laws and regulations in general.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00441.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]],"date-time":"2007-06-09T08:42:29Z","timestamp":1181378549000},"page":"1399-1406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Effects of Drivers' License Suspension Policies on Alcohol\u2010Related Crash Involvement: Long\u2010Term Follow\u2010Up in Forty\u2010Six States"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Wagenaar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mildred M.","family":"Maldonado\u2010Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"919","article-title":"Raising the bar","volume":"36","author":"Briscoe S","year":"2004","journal-title":"can increased statutory penalties deter drink-drivers?"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/468161"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"809","article-title":"The life cycle of the policy for preventing road accidents","volume":"36","author":"Chang HL","year":"2004","journal-title":"an empirical example of the policy for reducing drunk driving crashes in Taipei"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"641","article-title":"Policy design, social regulation, and theory building","volume":"46","author":"Durant RF","year":"1993","journal-title":"lessons from the traffic safety policy arena"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"The effectiveness of reducing illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits for driving","volume":"37","author":"Fell JC","year":"2006","journal-title":"evidence for lowering the limit to .05 BAC"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"Crime, Punishment, and Deterrence","author":"Gibbs JP","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"State Laws and Practices for BAC Testing and Reporting Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes","author":"Hedlund JH","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Examination of DWI Conviction Rate Procedures","author":"Jones RK","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"877","article-title":"Drinking, driving, and deterrence","volume":"36","author":"Kenkel DS","year":"1993","journal-title":"the effectiveness and social costs of alternative policies"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01441640500424088"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"Policy evaluation research","volume":"24","author":"Lafond C","year":"2000","journal-title":"measuring the independent variables"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"594","article-title":"Policies to reduce alcohol\u2010impaired driving","volume":"75","author":"Legge JS","year":"1994","journal-title":"evaluating elements of deterrence"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","volume-title":"Practical Meta\u2010Analysis","author":"Lipsey MW","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Changing drinking\u2010and\u2010driving behaviour","volume":"162","author":"Mann RE","year":"2000","journal-title":"the effects of Ontario's administrative driver's license suspension law"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404995","article-title":"The early effects of Ontario's administrative driver's license suspension law on driver fatalities with a BAC>80 mg%","volume":"93","author":"Mann RE","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","volume-title":"Traffic Safety Facts 2004","author":"National Highway Transportation Safety Administration","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","volume-title":"Traffic Safety Facts 2005","author":"National Highway Transportation Safety Administration","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"National Highway Transportation Safety Administration. 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