{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:30:04Z","timestamp":1770136204144,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,20]],"date-time":"2011-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1319068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Alcoholics are at heightened risk for developing active tuberculosis. This study evaluates chronic alcohol consumption in a murine model of vaccination with <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic> Bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e8rin (BCG) and subsequent pulmonary infection with virulent <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> BALB\/c mice were administered the Lieber\u2013DeCarli liquid ethanol diet or pair\u2010fed the liquid control diet for 3\u2003weeks either before or after subcutaneous vaccination with <jats:italic>M.\u00a0bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG. At least 3\u2003weeks after BCG vaccination, groups of mice on the aforesaid diets were challenged with intratracheal infection with <jats:italic>M.\u00a0tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> H37Rv. Lung mycobacterial burden, and lung and lung\u2010associated lymph node CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> lymphocyte production of tuberculosis\u2010specific interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3 were assayed. Popliteal lymph node lymphocytes from both dietary regimens undergoing BCG vaccination (in the absence of <jats:italic>M.\u00a0tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection) were also evaluated for purified protein derivative\u2013induced IFN\u2010\u03b3 production by ELISpot assay.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Mice begun on alcohol prior to vaccination with <jats:italic>M.\u00a0bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG demonstrated impaired control of pulmonary challenge with virulent <jats:italic>M.\u00a0tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>, as well as impaired lung CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and popliteal lymph node T\u2010cell IFN\u2010\u03b3 responses. If BCG vaccination was delivered prior to initiation of alcohol feeding, the mice remained protected against a subsequent challenge with <jats:italic>M.\u00a0tuberculosis,<\/jats:italic> and BCG\u2010induced immunity was not impaired in either the lung or the popliteal lymph nodes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Alcohol consumption blunts the development of the adaptive immune response to <jats:italic>M.\u00a0bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG vaccination, which impairs the control of a secondary challenge with <jats:italic>M.\u00a0tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>, but only if the alcohol exposure is begun prior to BCG vaccination. These results provide insight into mechanisms by which alcohol consumption impairs antimycobacterial immunity, including in response to vaccination and subsequent pathogenic challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01624.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,21]],"date-time":"2011-10-21T11:55:08Z","timestamp":1319198108000},"page":"310-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Impact of Alcohol on BCG\u2010Induced Immunity Against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Porretta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle I.","family":"Happel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu 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