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Rats self\u2010administer\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      directly into cerebral ventricles, and multiple intracerebroventricular infusions of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      produce conditioned place preference. Self\u2010administration has been largely employed to assess the reinforcing and addictive properties of most drugs of abuse. In particular, operant conditioning is a valid model to investigate drug\u2010seeking and drug\u2010taking behavior in rats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study was aimed at the evaluation of (i) the motivational properties of oral\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in the induction and maintenance of an operant\u2010drinking behavior; (ii)\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      effect in a conflict situation employing the punishment\u2010based\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      eller\u2013\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      eifter procedure; and (iii) the onset of a relapse drinking behavior, following\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      deprivation. The lever\u2010pressing procedure in a sound\u2010attenuated operant\u2010conditioning chamber was scheduled into 3 different periods: (i) training\u2014rewarded responses with a fixed ratio 1; (ii) conflict\u2014rewarded responses periodically associated with a 0.2\u00a0mA foot\u2010shock; and (iii) relapse\u2014rewarded lever presses following 1\u2010week\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      abstinence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results show that oral self\u2010administrated\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      induced: a higher rate of punished responses in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      eller\u2013\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      eifter procedures; and the establishment of a relapse behavior following\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      deprivation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In conclusion, our results indicate that\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      is able to induce an operant\u2010drinking behavior, which is also maintained besides the conflict procedure and enhanced by the deprivation effect, supporting the hypothesis that\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      itself possesses motivational properties, such as alcohol and other substances of abuse.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01725.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,10]],"date-time":"2012-02-10T20:54:33Z","timestamp":1328907273000},"page":"1278-1287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Acetaldehyde Oral Self\u2010Administration: Evidence from the Operant\u2010Conflict Paradigm"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Silvana","family":"Cacace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science for Health Promotion \u201cG. 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